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BAMS Human Systems > ES. introduction > Flashcards

ES. introduction Flashcards

1
Q

describe endocrine transmission.

A
  • chemical secreted at low conc.
  • by a cell or group of cells and sent to all parts of body in blood stream
  • hormones act only in cells with correct membrane receptor protein (target cells)
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2
Q

describe features of communication by hormones (humoral)?

A
  • many cells in different parts of body
  • coordinated body-wide actions
  • slow to act
  • effect persists
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3
Q

give examples of endocrine glands?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
pancreas (islets)
adrenal (super-renal)
GIT endocrine cells
gonads (ovaries and testies)
placenta
pineal gland
thymus

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4
Q

what are the 2 classes of hormones?

A

steroids and non steroids

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5
Q

subdivide the non-steroid class of hormones?

A

amino acid derivatives
peptides
glycoproteins

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6
Q

what are steroid hormones based on?

A

cholesterol ring structure

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7
Q

give some examples of steroid hormones?

A

cortisol
aldosterone
testosterone (sex)
oestrogen (sex)
progesterone (sex)

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8
Q

what happens if there is no receptor in endocrine transmission?

A

major problems even death

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9
Q

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

type 1 = absence of receptor
type 2 = receptor not working

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10
Q

give examples of the amino acid derivatives of non steroid hormones?

A

adrenaline
noradrenaline
melatonin

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11
Q

give examples of the iodinated amino acids of non steroid hormones?

A

triiodothyronine
tetraiodothyronine

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12
Q

give examples of peptides short chains of non steroid hormones?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
  • melanocyte stimulating hormone
  • somatostatin
  • thyrotropin releasing hormone
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone
  • atrial natriuretic hormone
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13
Q

give examples of peptide long chains or non steroid hormones?

A
  • growth hormone
  • prolactin
  • parathyroid hormone
  • calcitonin
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • GIT hormones (secretin, CCK, gastrin)
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14
Q

what are pre pro-hormones?

A

peptide hormones produced in inactive precursor form

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15
Q

where is the pre pro-hormone turned into pro-hormones?

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

how do pro hormones become active hormones?

A

packed in the Golgi apparatus

17
Q

after becoming active in the Golgi apparatus where are these hormones secreted?

A

secreted from vesicles

18
Q

what are glycoproteins?

A

protein with attached carb group to amino acids

19
Q

give examples of glycoproteins?

A

follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
chronic gonadotropin

20
Q

what are local tissue hormones? give examples

A

hormone - like substances have a local (paracrine effect)
- prostagrandins
- leucotrienes
-thromboxanes

21
Q

what are the functions of local tissues ?

A

blood flow regulation
haemostats
mucosal protection (stomach)
inflammation

22
Q

how do non steroid hormones act?

A

via second messenger systems within the target cell

23
Q

what are 2 common second messengers?

A

cAMP and Ca++

24
Q

what do steroid hormones do to reach the intracellular receptor?

A

pas through outer cell

25
Q

give a brief overview of hormone action?

A
  • synthesis and storage
  • release in response to stimulus
  • transport in blood
  • action on target cells (told of second messenger )
  • metabolism and or excretion
26
Q

what are most hormone Systems regulated by?

A

negative feedback

27
Q

what is hyper secretion?

A

excess secretion

28
Q

what is hypo secretion?

A

decreased secretion

29
Q

what can under or over secretion of hormones lead to?

A

endocrine disorders

30
Q

what is upregulation?

A

more receptors = cell becomes more sensitive to the hormone
- increased affinity

31
Q

what is down regulation?

A

less receptors = cell because less sensitive to hormones
- decreased affinity

32
Q

what is hyper function?

A
  • excess production and secretion
  • unpregulation of receptors
  • failure to metabolise hormone
33
Q

what is hypo function?

A
  • decreased production and secretion
  • down regulation of receptors
  • receptors not functioning

BAMS Human Systems (33 decks)

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