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BAMS Human Systems > ES. Calcium > Flashcards

ES. Calcium Flashcards

1
Q

what is calcium involved in the structure of?

A

bone and tooth

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2
Q

what does calcium store?

A

minerals

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3
Q

in terms of a second messenger, what is calcium involved in?

A

muscle: excitation-contraction coupling
gland secretion
non steroid hormone action

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4
Q

how do we maintain the concentration of calcium?

A

diet then absorbed in the GIT

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5
Q

what hormones are involved in calcium homeostasis?

A

parathyroid
calcitonin
vit d

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6
Q

where are parathyroid hormones secreted from and in response to what?

A

from parathyroid glands in response to low plasma

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7
Q

how does parathyroid hormone act to increase plasma calcium?

A
  • increased resorption of bone (osteoclasts)
  • increased calcium ion resorption in kidney (with reduction in phosphate resorption)
  • increased uptake in calcium ions form the intestines (assisted by vitamin d)
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8
Q

where is calcitonin secreted from and in response to what?

A

from thyroid glands in response to high plasma

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9
Q

how does calcitonin lower plasma calcium?

A
  • increased formation of bone (osteoblasts)
  • decreased calcium resorption in kidney
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10
Q

does calcitonin play a major role in calcium homeostasis?

A

no as it lacks pathological effects

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11
Q

does calcitonin play a major role in calcium homeostasis?

A

no as it lacks pathological effects

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12
Q

which hormones increase bone formation and bone mass?

A

calcitonin
growth hormone
IGF-1
insulin
oestrogen
testosterone

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13
Q

which hormones increase bone resorption and decrease bone mass?

A

cortisol
parathyroid hormone
thyroid hormone

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14
Q

what do osteoblasts do?

A

synthesise and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix layer mineralised by calcium salts
PRODUCE BONE

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15
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

osteoblasts that are trapped in the bone matrix

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16
Q

where do osteocytes lie and how do they contact other cells?

A

in bony lacunae and contact other cells via long cytoplasmic processes

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17
Q

what is the function of osteoclasts?

A

resorb bone

18
Q

what are osteoclasts? (structure)

A

large, multinucleate cells
derived from macrophages

19
Q

where do osteoclasts lie?

A

in depressions (howships lacunae)

20
Q

what is hypercalcaemia?

A

raised Ca2+

21
Q

what is hypocalcaemia?

A

reduced Ca2+

22
Q

what hypocalcaemia due to?

A
  • decreased Ca2+ intake
  • excessive Ca2+ loss
  • alkalosis (low Ca2+)
23
Q

what effect does low Ca2+ have on nerve excitability?
what does this feel like?

A

increases it which feels like pins and needles/ muscle spasms

23
Q

what effect does low Ca2+ have on nerve excitability?
what does this feel like?

A

increases it which feels like pins and needles/ muscle spasms

24
Q

what can lead to hypocalcaemia?

A

hyperventilation (panic attack) which can cause alkalosis so decreased co2

25
Q

what is the remedy for alkalosis ?

A

trap co2 in patients lungs so rebreathe air from a bag

26
Q

what can hyperparathyroidism lead to?

A

osteitis fibrosa cystica = areas of demineralisation in skull and leg bones

27
Q

how would osteitis fibrosa cystica in the gingiva present in a radiograph?

A

radiolucent

28
Q

how can hypothyroidism effect the teeth?

A

defective mineralisation of teeth due to low blood calcium levels due to under secretion of PTH

29
Q

what can a vit d deficiency lead to in adults and children?

A

rickets - children
osteomalacia - adults

30
Q

what effect does vit d deficiency have on the uptake of calcium by the GIT?

A

decreases the uptake

31
Q

what effect does a vitamin d deficiency have on bone?

A

unmineralised so lacks rigidity

32
Q

what clinical consequences does a change in calcitonin levels have?

A

none therefor not essential for regulation of plasma

33
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

decreased bone mass and density

34
Q

what is ostepetrosis?

A

increased bone mass and density

35
Q

what part of the bone does osteoporosis effect?

A

reached thickness of cortical bone in the femur

36
Q

what causes osteoporosis?

A

common in elderly
women earlier due to menopause
corticosteroids
nutritional deficiency

37
Q

how does osteoporosis show on a radiograph?

A

tooth roots are indistinct

38
Q

what can people with osteoporosis be prone to?

A

fracture and chronic infection

39
Q

how does osteopetrosis effect blood supply?

A

reduces it

40
Q

is osteopetrosis present in the mandible or the maxilla?

A

mandible

BAMS Human Systems (33 decks)

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