ES. Stress Flashcards
what does the force of stress do to the body?
causes deformation or strain
what are physical stressors?
injury, surgery, infection, shock, pain, cold, excercise
what are ‘stressors’ that are threats?
imprisonment
torture
exams
what body systems are involved in the complex interactions during stress?
nervous
endocrine
immune
what does the effect of stress depend on?
- duration and severity or stressor
- effectiveness of any responses
what is the first stage of stress?
alarm reaction
describe alarm reaction as the first stage of stress?
flight fight fright response
what is the second stage of stress?
resistance phase
describe the resistance phase as the second stage of stress?
adapting to stressor
what is the final stage of stress?
exhaustion phase
describe the exhaustion phase as the final stage of stress?
servere, persistant stress
responses futile, systems fail
pathological effects
what is the alarm reaction?
physiological response to a physical threat
what are the components of an alarm reaction in stress?
neural - sympathetic NS
hormonal - adrenal glands = adrenaline (adrenal medulla), corticosteroids (adrenal cortex)
in an alarm reaction what happens to heart rate and ventricular contractility?
increase
how does cardiac output redistribute in alarm reaction to stress?
increased flow to muscle
decreased flow to gut and kidney
in an alarm reaction what are the metabolic effects?
glycogen breakdown and glucose releases
mobilisation of fat storage
what is a permissive effect?
adrenaline working better with the effect of cortisol
what is the metabolic action of cortisol due to stress?
increased energy production from glucose, amino acids and fats
increased protein breakdown
what does glucocorticoids inhibit?
release of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
macrophages and helper T lymphocytes
why do patients take corticosteroids?
anti inflammatory eg arthritis
what effect for corticosteroids have on the body?
suppress CRJ and ACTH release and the natural stress response is decreased
what is stress analgesia?
pain diminished during physical stress
what is stress analgesia due to?
release of endogenous opioid peptides, endorphins, enkephalins in CNS
they suppress nociception and pain
what can cause stress to a patient at the dentist?
noise of instruments
local anaesthesia
masks and gowns
pain
smells
severity of the procedure
how do stress responses vary in children and adults?
greater in children
what effect does stress have on HR and BP in men vs women?
HR = woman have higher response
BP = no difference
what effect can stress have on systolic and diastolic BP?
systolic = + 5 to 20 mmHg
diastolic = + 4 to 8 mmHg
what effect can stress have on heart rate?
+ 20
when are effects of stress greater?
when standing
when in complex procedures
with anxious patients
when supervising student
what happens to the individual if the stressors continue to be present?
cope = adaption phase
they dont = exhaustion phase
what happens if an individual fails to adapt to the stressor?
adrenal failure
immunosuppression
peptic ulcers
CVS disease
death
in terms of behaviour and stress, what is a type A person?
hand driving, competitive individuals are more prone to high blood pressure and CHD
in terms of behaviour and stress, what is a type B person?
individuals who tend to be more relaxed and less impatient
