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BAMS Human Systems > RS. Kidney 1 > Flashcards

RS. Kidney 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the kidneys?

A

maintain internal homeostasis of fluid

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2
Q

what is the function of kidneys thats produces a by product ?

A

process blood and rid the body of waste products of metabolism via urine

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3
Q

what are the 4 stages of the urinary system?

A

kidneys - produce urine
ureters - convey urine
bladder - stores urine
urethra. - void urine

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4
Q

what happens at the renal hilum?

A

vessels, nerves and ureter pass

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5
Q

where are the kidneys positioned?

A

retroperitoneal

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6
Q

what are the 3 parts of the kidney?

A

cortex - outer
medulla
pelvis - inner

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7
Q

what is contained in the cortex of the kidney?

A

85% of all kidney tubules (nephrons)

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8
Q

what part of the kidney prevents excess water loss and is the site where urine is concentrated?

A

medulla

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9
Q

what happens in the pelvis of the kidney?

A

collection area for urine which is funnelled into the ureter

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10
Q

what is the kidney encased in?

A

fibrous capsule of dense irregular tissue

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11
Q

why is the kidney highly vascular?

A

helps it to filter blood

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12
Q

what delivers blood straight from the abdominal aorta to the kidneys?

A

renal artery

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13
Q

once blood is filtered in the kidney it is returned to the cardiovascular system via what vein and where does it go?

A

renal vein to vena cava

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14
Q

how much of our cardiac output is in received by the kidneys?

A

1/5

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15
Q

how much blood is processed by the kidneys every minute?

A

1.2 litres

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16
Q

how is the vascular anatomy of the kidneys unique?

A

they have a capillary between 2 arterioles

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17
Q

which capillary lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles the kidney?

A

glomerular capillary (glomerulus)

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18
Q

what happens in the glomerular capillaries?

A

blood filtrations

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19
Q

what happens in the peritubular capillaries of the kidney?

A

delivery of O2 and nutrients to rest of kidney
facilitates water reabsorption/ conc of urine

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20
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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21
Q

after blood has been filtered in the glomerular capillary where does the fluid leave the blood and go?

A

nephron

22
Q

what are the 2 different types of nephrons?

A

cortical
juxtamedullary

23
Q

describe a cortical nephron?

A

short loop of henle which only just extends to medulla so most of nephron is in cortex

24
Q

describe the juxtamedullary nephron?

A

long loop of henle to concentrate urine and conserve water in body
- loop of henle descends deep into medulla

25
Q

what is the function of the renal corpuscle part of a nephron?

A

filtration

26
Q

what is the function of the renal tubule part of a nephron?

A

conservation/ fine tuning of what the body wants to get rid of vs what it wants to keep

27
Q

what is the glomerulus?

A

a single layer of endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane
fine capillaries branching from afferent to efferent arterioles

28
Q

what does fenestrated mean?

A

tiny pores penetrating surface which makes them leak

29
Q

what does fenestration allow for in a glomerulus?

A

rapid filtration of blood plasma

30
Q

what surrounds the glomerulus?

A

Bowmans capsule

31
Q

what are the outer and inner layers of Bowmans capsule?

A

outer = parietal
inner = visceral

32
Q

describe the epithelium on the outer layer of Bowmans capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

33
Q

describe the epithelium on the inner layer of Bowmans capsule?

A

specialised epithelium - podocytes

34
Q

what are podocytes?

A

epithelial cells with long foot like processes that wrap around glomerular capillaries

35
Q

what form the renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

36
Q

what forms the filtration barrier?

A

glomerular endothelium, basement membrane and pedicels

37
Q

what is the filtration barrier freely permeable to?

A

small molecules and water

38
Q

what are the 3 steps in glomerular filtration?

A
  1. unfiltered blood arrives at glomerulus via afferent arteriole
  2. blood components filtered through filtration barrier
  3. filtered blood exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole
39
Q

what is the first step in blood processing?

A

glomerular filtration

40
Q

what facilitates glomerular filtration?

A

hydrostatic pressure gradient

41
Q

does afferent or efferent arteriole have a bigger diameter? what is this helpful for?

A

afferent so blood can arrive faster than it leaves which helps to push fluid and solutes through filtration barrier to Bowmans space

42
Q

what are the waste products that come from filtration through the filtration barrier to a nephron?

A

urea
creatinine

43
Q

what can’t be passed through the filtration barrier?

A

negatively charged proteins - albumin
cells/large proteins - haemoglobin

44
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule

45
Q

what drive the glomerular filtration rate?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

46
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate counteracted by?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure in the Bowmans capsule
  • glomerular osmotic pressure
47
Q

what is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

A

the pressure generated in glomerular capillaries that pushes solutes and fluid from capillaries into bowmans space

48
Q

what is a normal healthy glomerular filtration rate?

A

125 ml/min
180 l/day

49
Q

what effect does kidney damage have on the glomerular filtration rate?

A

reduces

50
Q

what happens when the glomerular filtration rate is reduced?

A

inefficient blood clearance and waste removal

51
Q

what can be used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate?

A

serum creatinine (and urea)

52
Q

if 180 l/day fluid is filtered in the renal corpuscle why do we not pass that much liquid?

A

99% reabsorbed

BAMS Human Systems (33 decks)

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