RS. Kidney 1

Question 1

what is the function of the kidneys?

Answer 1

maintain internal homeostasis of fluid

Question 2

what is the function of kidneys thats produces a by product ?

Answer 2

process blood and rid the body of waste products of metabolism via urine

Question 3

what are the 4 stages of the urinary system?

Answer 3

kidneys - produce urine
ureters - convey urine
bladder - stores urine
urethra. - void urine

Question 4

what happens at the renal hilum?

Answer 4

vessels, nerves and ureter pass

Question 5

where are the kidneys positioned?

Answer 5

retroperitoneal

Question 6

what are the 3 parts of the kidney?

Answer 6

cortex - outer
medulla
pelvis - inner

Question 7

what is contained in the cortex of the kidney?

Answer 7

85% of all kidney tubules (nephrons)

Question 8

what part of the kidney prevents excess water loss and is the site where urine is concentrated?

Answer 8

medulla

Question 9

what happens in the pelvis of the kidney?

Answer 9

collection area for urine which is funnelled into the ureter

Question 10

what is the kidney encased in?

Answer 10

fibrous capsule of dense irregular tissue

Question 11

why is the kidney highly vascular?

Answer 11

helps it to filter blood

Question 12

what delivers blood straight from the abdominal aorta to the kidneys?

Answer 12

renal artery

Question 13

once blood is filtered in the kidney it is returned to the cardiovascular system via what vein and where does it go?

Answer 13

renal vein to vena cava

Question 14

how much of our cardiac output is in received by the kidneys?

Answer 14

1/5

Question 15

how much blood is processed by the kidneys every minute?

Answer 15

1.2 litres

Question 16

how is the vascular anatomy of the kidneys unique?

Answer 16

they have a capillary between 2 arterioles

Question 17

which capillary lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles the kidney?

Answer 17

glomerular capillary (glomerulus)

Question 18

what happens in the glomerular capillaries?

Answer 18

blood filtrations

Question 19

what happens in the peritubular capillaries of the kidney?

Answer 19

delivery of O2 and nutrients to rest of kidney
facilitates water reabsorption/ conc of urine

Question 20

what is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 20

nephron

Question 21

after blood has been filtered in the glomerular capillary where does the fluid leave the blood and go?

Answer 21

nephron

Question 22

what are the 2 different types of nephrons?

Answer 22

cortical
juxtamedullary

Question 23

describe a cortical nephron?

Answer 23

short loop of henle which only just extends to medulla so most of nephron is in cortex

Question 24

describe the juxtamedullary nephron?

Answer 24

long loop of henle to concentrate urine and conserve water in body
- loop of henle descends deep into medulla

Question 25

what is the function of the renal corpuscle part of a nephron?

Answer 25

filtration

Question 26

what is the function of the renal tubule part of a nephron?

Answer 26

conservation/ fine tuning of what the body wants to get rid of vs what it wants to keep

Question 27

what is the glomerulus?

Answer 27

a single layer of endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane fine capillaries branching from afferent to efferent arterioles

Question 28

what does fenestrated mean?

Answer 28

tiny pores penetrating surface which makes them leak

Question 29

what does fenestration allow for in a glomerulus?

Answer 29

rapid filtration of blood plasma

Question 30

what surrounds the glomerulus?

Answer 30

Bowmans capsule

Question 31

what are the outer and inner layers of Bowmans capsule?

Answer 31

outer = parietal inner = visceral

Question 32

describe the epithelium on the outer layer of Bowmans capsule?

Answer 32

simple squamous epithelium

Question 33

describe the epithelium on the inner layer of Bowmans capsule?

Answer 33

specialised epithelium - podocytes

Question 34

what are podocytes?

Answer 34

epithelial cells with long foot like processes that wrap around glomerular capillaries

Question 35

what form the renal corpuscle?

Answer 35

glomerulus and Bowmans capsule

Question 36

what forms the filtration barrier?

Answer 36

glomerular endothelium, basement membrane and pedicels

Question 37

what is the filtration barrier freely permeable to?

Answer 37

small molecules and water

Question 38

what are the 3 steps in glomerular filtration?

Answer 38

1. unfiltered blood arrives at glomerulus via afferent arteriole 2. blood components filtered through filtration barrier 3. filtered blood exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole

Question 39

what is the first step in blood processing?

Answer 39

glomerular filtration

Question 40

what facilitates glomerular filtration?

Answer 40

hydrostatic pressure gradient

Question 41

does afferent or efferent arteriole have a bigger diameter? what is this helpful for?

Answer 41

afferent so blood can arrive faster than it leaves which helps to push fluid and solutes through filtration barrier to Bowmans space

Question 42

what are the waste products that come from filtration through the filtration barrier to a nephron?

Answer 42

urea creatinine

Question 43

what can't be passed through the filtration barrier?

Answer 43

negatively charged proteins - albumin cells/large proteins - haemoglobin

Question 44

what is the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 44

rate at which blood is filtered through the glomerulus into the Bowmans capsule

Question 45

what drive the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 45

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Question 46

what is the glomerular filtration rate counteracted by?

Answer 46

- hydrostatic pressure in the Bowmans capsule - glomerular osmotic pressure

Question 47

what is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 47

the pressure generated in glomerular capillaries that pushes solutes and fluid from capillaries into bowmans space

Question 48

what is a normal healthy glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 48

125 ml/min 180 l/day

Question 49

what effect does kidney damage have on the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 49

reduces

Question 50

what happens when the glomerular filtration rate is reduced?

Answer 50

inefficient blood clearance and waste removal

Question 51

what can be used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate?

Answer 51

serum creatinine (and urea)

Question 52

if 180 l/day fluid is filtered in the renal corpuscle why do we not pass that much liquid?

Answer 52

99% reabsorbed