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BAMS Human Systems > Micronutrients > Flashcards

Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

what are vitamins?

A

group of chemically unrelated organic compounds
‘vital amines’

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2
Q

how many essential vitamins is there for regulation of body processes and normal metabolic function?

A

13

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3
Q

what does vitamin deficiencies result in?

A

multiple systemic complications and are linked to oral conditions

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4
Q

why are vitamins essential to humans?

A

we can’t make them

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5
Q

what are the exceptions to the fact we can’t make vitamins?

A

vitamin D = synthesised in the skin upon exposure to sun
vitamin K, some B vitamin = synthesised by gut flora

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6
Q

what vitamins occur in food as precursors?

A
  • beta carotene converted to vitamin A
  • tryptophan converted to niacin
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7
Q

what vitamins are fat soluble?

A

A
D
E
K
pantothenic acid B5
folate

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8
Q

what vitamins are water soluble?

A

C
& B vitamins:
thiamin
niacin
vit B6
vit B12
riboflavin
biotin

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9
Q

what are the features of fat soluble vitamins?

A
  • found with fat in food
  • absorbed in lymph, transported attached to protein, stored in liver or in fatty tissues
  • excessive intake
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10
Q

what are the features of a water soluble vitamin?

A

absorbed directly into bloodstream, transported in free form, higher turnover in the body with little storage
- prone to leaching from food, more sensitive to heat
- generally not harmful in high doses can be harmful

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11
Q

what factors influence the utilisation of vitamins?

A
  1. availability
  2. antivitamins
  3. provitamins
  4. biosynthesis in gut by bacterial flora
  5. intestinal disease
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12
Q

how many essential minerals are there?

A

15 to 16

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13
Q

what are the main functions of essential minerals?

A
  1. constituents of bones and teeth
    = calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
  2. formation of soluble salts the help to control composition of bodily fluids
    = sodium, potassium and chlorine
  3. essential components of many enzymes and other proteins, necessary for release and utilisation
    = iron and zinc
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14
Q

some minerals are soluble in water and others are insoluble. name 2 of each?

A

soluble = Na, K
insoluble = Fe, Zn

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15
Q

describe the bioavailability of minerals?

A

?????

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16
Q

what is the most common minerals that have deficiencies in the population?

A

iron and iodine

17
Q

give examples of preformed vitamin A.

A

retinol
retinaldehyde
retinoid acid

18
Q

give examples of provitamin A.

A

carotenoids
= beta-carotine
alpha-carotine
lutein
lycopene
beta-cryptoxanthin

19
Q

what is the ratio of beta carotene to vitamin A?

A

1:6

20
Q

where is provitamin A found?

A

pigments in plants (orange and yellow)

21
Q

what is the most potent source of vitamin A?

A

beta-carotene

22
Q

what are the functions of vitamin A?

A

growth and normal development
vision
regulation of gene expression
antioxidant
immunity
red blood cell production
cell differentiation
- tooth development, oral epithelial development

23
Q

where is preformed vitamin a absorbed as retinol found in the diet?

A

liver
fatty fish
eggs
whole milk
cheese
butter

24
Q

where ate carotenes (vitamin A) found?

A

dark green, leafy vegetables, red and orange fruit and vegetables eg carrots/ apricots

25
Q

how does a deficiency in vitamin A effect the teeth?

A

decreases oral epithelial tissue development
impaired tooth formation
enamel hypoplasia
presence of periodontitis

26
Q

how does a deficiency in vitamin A lead to increased susceptibility of infection?

A
  • ↓ production of mucopolysaccharides & mucus, & ↑ tissue keratinization (e.g. xerophalmia)
  • decreased anti-bacterial action of macrophages
  • decreased production of lysozyme
  • lymphocyte and antibody action also affected
27
Q

how does a deficiency in vitamin A effect bone growth and development?

A
  • Impaired embryological development (possible malformations)
  • Impaired gene expression & cell differentiation (possible link with cancer)
  • Impaired bone growth
  • infertility in males, low rates of conception in females
28
Q

what happens if over 200mg of vitamin A is ingested?

A

vomiting, headaches, blurred vision, vertigo, shedding skin, uncoordinated muscle movements

29
Q

what would happen if an adult ingested 10mg of vitamin A per day for one month?

A

bone and muscle pain, headaches, alopecia, liver toxicity, poor muscle coordination

BAMS Human Systems (33 decks)

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