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Psychology > Study Guide 8 - Learning > Flashcards

Study Guide 8 - Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

-stimulus that naturally triggers a response

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2
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

-an unlearned response

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3
Q

Neutral Stimuli

A

-stimuli that wouldn’t normally provoke a response

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4
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

-an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a response AFTER Association

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5
Q

Conditioned Response

A

-learned Response

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6
Q

Watson’s Little Albert

A

-taught him to fear small white animals by associating animals with a scary noise

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7
Q

Learning/Stimulus/Response

A
  • learning: enduring change in behavior or knowledge
  • Stimulus: something in environment
  • Response: behavior
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8
Q

Conditioning

A

-learning associations between environmental events and behavior

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9
Q

Classical Conditioning (Pavlov’s Dogs)

A

-stimulus gains power to create a response because it is associated with another stimulus

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10
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A
  • same result with 2 similar stimuli

- ex) little Albert was scared of bunnies and rats

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11
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

-different responses to two similar stimuli

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12
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

-reappearance after a rest period of a conditioned response

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13
Q

Extinction

A

-diminishing of a learned response

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14
Q

Superstitious Behavior

A

-Association of a behavior with good luck, winning etc.

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15
Q

Phobias

A
  • make an association between something scary and a negative biological and emotional state
  • this creates a phobia
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16
Q

Operant Conditioning (Skinner and Thorndike)

A
  • associating a voluntary behavior with consequences

- can change a behavior

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17
Q

Law of effect

A
  • behavior with bad consequences will decrease

- behavior with good consequences will increase

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18
Q

Shaping vs. Chaining

A
  • shaping: reinforcement of behaviors that are more and more similar to desired behavior
  • chaining: smaller skills are put together before reward
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19
Q

Operant

A

-voluntary response produces consequences

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20
Q

Skinner box

A

-a chamber with a bar that an animal can use to obtain food or water

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21
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A
  • continue behavior

- giving a reward

22
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A
  • continue behavior

- remove something unpleasant

23
Q

Negative Punishment/Omission training

A
  • stop behavior

- taking something good away

24
Q

Positive punishment/Aversive Conditioning

A
  • stop behavior

- adding something negative

25
Q

Primary v. Secondary Reinforcer

A
  • primary: inherent, unlearned (food)

- secondary: learned (money)

26
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A
  • every correct response is reinforced

- good way to increase frequency of behavior

27
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A
  • only reinforce behavior sometimes

- resistant to extinction

28
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule

A
  • reinforcer after a set amount of time

- responses decrease after Reinforcement

29
Q

Variable Interval Schedule

A
  • reinforcer after a varying amount of time

- steady and consistent

30
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule

A

-reinforcer is delivered after a set number of correct responses

31
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule

A
  • reinforcer delivered after a varying number of responses

- no extinction

32
Q

Latent Learning

A
  • learning through exploration
  • demonstrate when reward is available
  • mats exploring maze
33
Q

Cognitive Map

A

-mental replication of environment

34
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

-exposure to inescapable bad events leads to passive behavior

35
Q

Cognitive Learning

A
  • learning by listening, watching, touching etc. and then processing information
  • passive, but cognitively active
36
Q

Insight Learning

A
  • ability to see problem as a whole

- ex) Kholer’s chimps

37
Q

Observational Learning

A
  • person learns by observing events

- ex) Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study

38
Q

Higher order Conditioning

A

-taking Conditioning 1 step further
-pair 2nd neutral Stimulus with the conditioned stimulus so there is a response to both
-ex) dog salivates to bell and light
child feels pain when sees a doctor and while in a waiting room

39
Q

John Garcia Taste Aversion

A
  • study with rats

- learned to dislike a food after it made you sick

40
Q

Escape Learning

A

-learning behavior that terminates unpleasant stimulus

41
Q

Avoidance Learning

A
  • learning to avoid bad stimuli all together

- signal before negative event occurs

42
Q

Puzzle Box

A
  • used by Thorndike to discovery the law of effect
  • cats tried to escape Box to receive a piece of fish, one they learned that the lever allowed them to escape they left the cage faster
43
Q

Premack Principle

A
  • preferred behavior can be used to reinforced unpreferred behavior
  • ex) giving a toy can be used to reinforce doing HW
44
Q

Vicarious Learning

A

-person learns by watching someone model behavior

45
Q

Media Influence in Learning

A

-media violence may be contagious because of observational learning

46
Q

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Influences on Learning

A
  • intrinsic: influenced/motivated to learn by internal rewards
  • extrinsic: learning through external rewards/punishments
47
Q

Tolman’s research

A
  • ppl are active information processors
  • cognitive view of learning
  • cognitive map, latent Learning
  • his maze with rats showed that they actively process information
48
Q

Mirror Neurons

A
  • allow us to “mirror” the behavior of others

- helps us learn by imitation

49
Q

Vicarious Reinforcement

A

-watching consequences of a behavior and learning to continue behavior

50
Q

Vicarious punishment

A

-watching consequences and learning to stop behavior

51
Q

Imitation vs. modeling

A

-child imitates adult who is modeling behavior

Psychology (14 decks)

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