Study Guide 8 - Learning Flashcards
Unconditioned Stimulus
-stimulus that naturally triggers a response
Unconditioned Response
-an unlearned response
Neutral Stimuli
-stimuli that wouldn’t normally provoke a response
Conditioned Stimulus
-an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a response AFTER Association
Conditioned Response
-learned Response
Watson’s Little Albert
-taught him to fear small white animals by associating animals with a scary noise
Learning/Stimulus/Response
- learning: enduring change in behavior or knowledge
- Stimulus: something in environment
- Response: behavior
Conditioning
-learning associations between environmental events and behavior
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov’s Dogs)
-stimulus gains power to create a response because it is associated with another stimulus
Stimulus Generalization
- same result with 2 similar stimuli
- ex) little Albert was scared of bunnies and rats
Stimulus Discrimination
-different responses to two similar stimuli
Spontaneous Recovery
-reappearance after a rest period of a conditioned response
Extinction
-diminishing of a learned response
Superstitious Behavior
-Association of a behavior with good luck, winning etc.
Phobias
- make an association between something scary and a negative biological and emotional state
- this creates a phobia
Operant Conditioning (Skinner and Thorndike)
- associating a voluntary behavior with consequences
- can change a behavior
Law of effect
- behavior with bad consequences will decrease
- behavior with good consequences will increase
Shaping vs. Chaining
- shaping: reinforcement of behaviors that are more and more similar to desired behavior
- chaining: smaller skills are put together before reward
Operant
-voluntary response produces consequences
Skinner box
-a chamber with a bar that an animal can use to obtain food or water
Positive Reinforcement
- continue behavior
- giving a reward
Negative Reinforcement
- continue behavior
- remove something unpleasant
Negative Punishment/Omission training
- stop behavior
- taking something good away
Positive punishment/Aversive Conditioning
- stop behavior
- adding something negative
Primary v. Secondary Reinforcer
- primary: inherent, unlearned (food)
- secondary: learned (money)
Continuous Reinforcement
- every correct response is reinforced
- good way to increase frequency of behavior
Partial Reinforcement
- only reinforce behavior sometimes
- resistant to extinction
Fixed Interval Schedule
- reinforcer after a set amount of time
- responses decrease after Reinforcement
Variable Interval Schedule
- reinforcer after a varying amount of time
- steady and consistent
Fixed Ratio Schedule
-reinforcer is delivered after a set number of correct responses
Variable Ratio Schedule
- reinforcer delivered after a varying number of responses
- no extinction
Latent Learning
- learning through exploration
- demonstrate when reward is available
- mats exploring maze
Cognitive Map
-mental replication of environment
Learned Helplessness
-exposure to inescapable bad events leads to passive behavior
Cognitive Learning
- learning by listening, watching, touching etc. and then processing information
- passive, but cognitively active
Insight Learning
- ability to see problem as a whole
- ex) Kholer’s chimps
Observational Learning
- person learns by observing events
- ex) Bandura’s Bobo Doll Study
Higher order Conditioning
-taking Conditioning 1 step further
-pair 2nd neutral Stimulus with the conditioned stimulus so there is a response to both
-ex) dog salivates to bell and light
child feels pain when sees a doctor and while in a waiting room
John Garcia Taste Aversion
- study with rats
- learned to dislike a food after it made you sick
Escape Learning
-learning behavior that terminates unpleasant stimulus
Avoidance Learning
- learning to avoid bad stimuli all together
- signal before negative event occurs
Puzzle Box
- used by Thorndike to discovery the law of effect
- cats tried to escape Box to receive a piece of fish, one they learned that the lever allowed them to escape they left the cage faster
Premack Principle
- preferred behavior can be used to reinforced unpreferred behavior
- ex) giving a toy can be used to reinforce doing HW
Vicarious Learning
-person learns by watching someone model behavior
Media Influence in Learning
-media violence may be contagious because of observational learning
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Influences on Learning
- intrinsic: influenced/motivated to learn by internal rewards
- extrinsic: learning through external rewards/punishments
Tolman’s research
- ppl are active information processors
- cognitive view of learning
- cognitive map, latent Learning
- his maze with rats showed that they actively process information
Mirror Neurons
- allow us to “mirror” the behavior of others
- helps us learn by imitation
Vicarious Reinforcement
-watching consequences of a behavior and learning to continue behavior
Vicarious punishment
-watching consequences and learning to stop behavior
Imitation vs. modeling
-child imitates adult who is modeling behavior
