Study Guide 7 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress Flashcards
Instinct Theory
- motivated based on automatic responses to stimuli
- instincts are unlearned and have a fixed pattern of actions
- habituation: decreased response to stimuli after exposure, gets rid of responses that aren’t useful
Drive-Reduction Theory
- a biological NEED creates a tense state (DRIVE) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need and return to homeostasis (sense of balance)
- ex) need: food drive: hungry behavior: eating
Behavioral/Incentive Theory
- incentives (goals or rewards) pull us to reduce our drives
- ex) Incentives can be food, water, or money
Humanistic Theory
- we must fulfill our needs in a hierarchy
- biological at the bottom -> self-actualization (greatest potential)
- fully functioning person: heading towards self actualization, growing and changing and living a good life
Arousal Theory
- performance increases with arousal up to a certain point
- ex) need some stress to perform well on a test
- high performance on difficult tasks = low arousal
- high performance on easy tasks = high arousal
- perform best at moderate arousal
Hunger Motivation
- biological: body chemistry and brain influence our hunger drive, hunger pains
- psychological reasons: sight and smell of food, our mood
- social reasons: what we like to eat is based on culture
Set Point Theory
-our bodies want to bring us back to our natural weight
Glucose and Insulin
- Glucose: when glucose in the body decreases, hunger increases
- Insulin: pancreatic hormone, when insulin increases it triggers feelings of hunger because it decreases the amount of glucose in the blood by converting it to fat
Ghrelin and Orexin
-hunger triggering hormones
PYY
- digestive tract hormone
- decreases appetite
Leptin
- a protein
- as leptin levels increase, desire to eat decreases
Lateral Hypothalamus
-signals body to begin eating
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
-signals body to stop eating
Anorexia
- a condition in which one starves themselves, and exercises obsessively
- leads to fatigue, loss of muscle and bone density, and can be deadly
Bulimia
- patients maintain a normal weight yet eat a ton and then throw it all up
- also very dangerous
Binge Eating Disorder
-binge eating (eating a large amount of food all at once) followed by emotional distress and guilt
Sexual Response Cycle
- pattern of biological arousal during and after sexual activity
- men and women differ slightly
Refractory Period
-time in males right after an orgasm that they are temporarily insensitive to sexual arousal
Sex hormones
- estrogen (females) testosterone (males)
- varying levels affect sexuality
- change during menstrual cycle and testosterone production cycle -> aggression
Sexual Orientation Theories
- homosexuality: gay
- heterosexuality: straight
- bisexual: both
Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation
- INTRINSIC: internal desires to do something
ex) reading because it gives you pleasure - EXTRINSIC: motivating factors that are external to you
ex) money, good grades
Grit
- passion and stamina for long term goals
- HUGE predictor of success
Theory X vs. Theory Y
- Theory X: managers believe workers are lazy and need close monitoring and incentives to work hard
- Theory Y: managers believe that workers are intrinsically motivated and work for reasons other than money
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
- feel biological effects then the emotion
- ex) drugs that inhibit sympathetic Nervous System activity reduce people’s subjective experience of anxiety
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
- feel biological and emotion at the same time
- ex) emotion-arousing stimulus is sent to the brain and sympathetic Nervous System at the same time
Schacter Two-Factor Theory/Cognitive Theory
- emotions are made up of two factors: physical arousal AND a cognitive label of the emotion
- ex) Robert experienced fear on a plane because he labeled his rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, and sweating as a reaction to the danger he was in
Opponent Process Theory of Emotion
- feel a flood of one emotion and then feel the opposing emotion
- ex) fear then relief
LeDoux’s Dual Pathway Model
- fearful stimuli can take 2 pathways to the brain
- High road: to cortex for analysis then amygdala
- Low Road: straight to amygdala
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
- manipulating facial expressions changes people’s emotion when viewing them
- your facial expressions feed your emotions
Polygraph
- lie detector
- measures physiological indicators of emotion
- ex) breathing
Subjective well being
- self perceived happiness + satisfaction with life
- used to evaluate people’s quality of life
Adaptation level phenomenon
- people adapt to emotion
- satisfaction is short lived
- we judge events based on our past experiences
Relative Deprivation
-our perception that we are worse off than others
Spill over Effect
-arousal from 1 event spills over into response to next event
Flow
- a state of being completely involved and focused on a task, with decreased awareness of self and time
- due to optimal engagement in an activity
Ostracism
-social exclusion that threatens ones need to belong
Industrial Organizational Psychology
- the application of psychology to optimizing human behavior in the workplace
- help motivate employees and keep them engaged
Feel Good Do Good Phenomenon
-people’s tendency to do good things when they’re in a good mood
Leadership Theory
- great person: all good leaders share certain traits
- although personality is important, this theory is not 100% accurate b/c leadership depends on situation
- transformational: motivates workers to commit to the group mission -> engaged, trusting workers
6 Universal Facial Expressions
- happiness
- surprise
- fear
- sadness
- anger
- disgust
Catharsis
- emotional release
- people argue that if we release our anger we will feel better
Micro Expressions
- small facial movements that can’t be controlled
- very fast
- may provide signals of emotions and lying
Cognitive/emotional cues for eating
- memory influences hunger
- sight and smell of food
- stress and mood
Social Cues for Eating
- cultural preference
- social facilitation: tend to eat more around other ppl
Display Rules
-depending on your culture u may hide your emotions around authority figures
Social referencing
-taking cues from other people about which emotions and behaviors are appropriate
Locus of control
- external: behavior is guided by fate or luck
- internal: behavior is guided by ME and my efforts/decisions
Type A vs. Type B personalities
- type A: intense desire to achieve, urgent, impatient
- type B: more relaxed and easy going
Eustress vs. Distress
- Eustress: positive!
- Distress: negative!
General Adaptation Syndrome
- alarm: body is mobilized to defend
- resistance: body defends against a stressor
- exhaustion: resources are low and hard to keep on going
Fight or Flight
-physiological reaction to a stressor
Optimistic/Pessimistic Explanatory style
- our emotional response to stress depends on how we interpret it
- interpret it positively or negatively?
Physical and emotional reaction to stress
- physical: mobilize body’s resources, breathing increases, heart rate increases, increased blood pressure, upset stomach
- emotional: scared, sad, frustrated etc.
Approach-Approach conflict
-forced choice between two desirable things
Approach avoidance conflict
- forced choice between two things that have both positives and negatives
- can be a choice between more than two things
Avoidance avoidance conflict
-forces choice between two bad things
Emotion focused vs. problem focused approach to stress
- Emotion: changing ones Perception because can’t control source of stress
- problem: problem solving to eliminate the source of stress
Cataclysmic event
- a stressor
- occurs suddenly and affect many people
- ex) natural disaster
Chronic stressors
-ongoing unpleasant events
Hassles
-small things that add up to become stressors
Life changes
- life events that require a change in behavior can be stressful
- ex) moving
- Holmes-Rahe Scale: questionnaire for identifying major life stressors and how likely you are to develop stress induced illness
Frustration
- tension from a blocked goal
- often leads to aggression
HPA Axis
-stressor, Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal cortex, cortisol, increased energy
SNS Axis
-stressor, Hypothalamus, sympathetic Nervous System, adrenal medulla, adrenaline, increased energy
Stress related illnesses
- prolonged elevation of cortisol can lead to health issues
- PTSD, pulmonary/cardiac illness
