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Psychology > Study Guide 7 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress > Flashcards

Study Guide 7 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress Flashcards

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1
Q

Instinct Theory

A
  • motivated based on automatic responses to stimuli
  • instincts are unlearned and have a fixed pattern of actions
  • habituation: decreased response to stimuli after exposure, gets rid of responses that aren’t useful
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2
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A
  • a biological NEED creates a tense state (DRIVE) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need and return to homeostasis (sense of balance)
  • ex) need: food drive: hungry behavior: eating
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3
Q

Behavioral/Incentive Theory

A
  • incentives (goals or rewards) pull us to reduce our drives
  • ex) Incentives can be food, water, or money
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4
Q

Humanistic Theory

A
  • we must fulfill our needs in a hierarchy
  • biological at the bottom -> self-actualization (greatest potential)
  • fully functioning person: heading towards self actualization, growing and changing and living a good life
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5
Q

Arousal Theory

A
  • performance increases with arousal up to a certain point
  • ex) need some stress to perform well on a test
  • high performance on difficult tasks = low arousal
  • high performance on easy tasks = high arousal
  • perform best at moderate arousal
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6
Q

Hunger Motivation

A
  • biological: body chemistry and brain influence our hunger drive, hunger pains
  • psychological reasons: sight and smell of food, our mood
  • social reasons: what we like to eat is based on culture
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7
Q

Set Point Theory

A

-our bodies want to bring us back to our natural weight

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8
Q

Glucose and Insulin

A
  • Glucose: when glucose in the body decreases, hunger increases
  • Insulin: pancreatic hormone, when insulin increases it triggers feelings of hunger because it decreases the amount of glucose in the blood by converting it to fat
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9
Q

Ghrelin and Orexin

A

-hunger triggering hormones

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10
Q

PYY

A
  • digestive tract hormone

- decreases appetite

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11
Q

Leptin

A
  • a protein

- as leptin levels increase, desire to eat decreases

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12
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

-signals body to begin eating

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13
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

-signals body to stop eating

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14
Q

Anorexia

A
  • a condition in which one starves themselves, and exercises obsessively
  • leads to fatigue, loss of muscle and bone density, and can be deadly
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15
Q

Bulimia

A
  • patients maintain a normal weight yet eat a ton and then throw it all up
  • also very dangerous
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16
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

-binge eating (eating a large amount of food all at once) followed by emotional distress and guilt

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17
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A
  • pattern of biological arousal during and after sexual activity
  • men and women differ slightly
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18
Q

Refractory Period

A

-time in males right after an orgasm that they are temporarily insensitive to sexual arousal

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19
Q

Sex hormones

A
  • estrogen (females) testosterone (males)
  • varying levels affect sexuality
  • change during menstrual cycle and testosterone production cycle -> aggression
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20
Q

Sexual Orientation Theories

A
  • homosexuality: gay
  • heterosexuality: straight
  • bisexual: both
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21
Q

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

A
  • INTRINSIC: internal desires to do something
    ex) reading because it gives you pleasure
  • EXTRINSIC: motivating factors that are external to you
    ex) money, good grades
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22
Q

Grit

A
  • passion and stamina for long term goals

- HUGE predictor of success

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23
Q

Theory X vs. Theory Y

A
  • Theory X: managers believe workers are lazy and need close monitoring and incentives to work hard
  • Theory Y: managers believe that workers are intrinsically motivated and work for reasons other than money
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24
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A
  • feel biological effects then the emotion

- ex) drugs that inhibit sympathetic Nervous System activity reduce people’s subjective experience of anxiety

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25
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

A
  • feel biological and emotion at the same time

- ex) emotion-arousing stimulus is sent to the brain and sympathetic Nervous System at the same time

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26
Q

Schacter Two-Factor Theory/Cognitive Theory

A
  • emotions are made up of two factors: physical arousal AND a cognitive label of the emotion
  • ex) Robert experienced fear on a plane because he labeled his rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, and sweating as a reaction to the danger he was in
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27
Q

Opponent Process Theory of Emotion

A
  • feel a flood of one emotion and then feel the opposing emotion
  • ex) fear then relief
28
Q

LeDoux’s Dual Pathway Model

A
  • fearful stimuli can take 2 pathways to the brain
  • High road: to cortex for analysis then amygdala
  • Low Road: straight to amygdala
29
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A
  • manipulating facial expressions changes people’s emotion when viewing them
  • your facial expressions feed your emotions
30
Q

Polygraph

A
  • lie detector
  • measures physiological indicators of emotion
  • ex) breathing
31
Q

Subjective well being

A
  • self perceived happiness + satisfaction with life

- used to evaluate people’s quality of life

32
Q

Adaptation level phenomenon

A
  • people adapt to emotion
  • satisfaction is short lived
  • we judge events based on our past experiences
33
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

-our perception that we are worse off than others

34
Q

Spill over Effect

A

-arousal from 1 event spills over into response to next event

35
Q

Flow

A
  • a state of being completely involved and focused on a task, with decreased awareness of self and time
  • due to optimal engagement in an activity
36
Q

Ostracism

A

-social exclusion that threatens ones need to belong

37
Q

Industrial Organizational Psychology

A
  • the application of psychology to optimizing human behavior in the workplace
  • help motivate employees and keep them engaged
38
Q

Feel Good Do Good Phenomenon

A

-people’s tendency to do good things when they’re in a good mood

39
Q

Leadership Theory

A
  • great person: all good leaders share certain traits
  • although personality is important, this theory is not 100% accurate b/c leadership depends on situation
  • transformational: motivates workers to commit to the group mission -> engaged, trusting workers
40
Q

6 Universal Facial Expressions

A
  • happiness
  • surprise
  • fear
  • sadness
  • anger
  • disgust
41
Q

Catharsis

A
  • emotional release

- people argue that if we release our anger we will feel better

42
Q

Micro Expressions

A
  • small facial movements that can’t be controlled
  • very fast
  • may provide signals of emotions and lying
43
Q

Cognitive/emotional cues for eating

A
  • memory influences hunger
  • sight and smell of food
  • stress and mood
44
Q

Social Cues for Eating

A
  • cultural preference

- social facilitation: tend to eat more around other ppl

45
Q

Display Rules

A

-depending on your culture u may hide your emotions around authority figures

46
Q

Social referencing

A

-taking cues from other people about which emotions and behaviors are appropriate

47
Q

Locus of control

A
  • external: behavior is guided by fate or luck

- internal: behavior is guided by ME and my efforts/decisions

48
Q

Type A vs. Type B personalities

A
  • type A: intense desire to achieve, urgent, impatient

- type B: more relaxed and easy going

49
Q

Eustress vs. Distress

A
  • Eustress: positive!

- Distress: negative!

50
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A
  • alarm: body is mobilized to defend
  • resistance: body defends against a stressor
  • exhaustion: resources are low and hard to keep on going
51
Q

Fight or Flight

A

-physiological reaction to a stressor

52
Q

Optimistic/Pessimistic Explanatory style

A
  • our emotional response to stress depends on how we interpret it
  • interpret it positively or negatively?
53
Q

Physical and emotional reaction to stress

A
  • physical: mobilize body’s resources, breathing increases, heart rate increases, increased blood pressure, upset stomach
  • emotional: scared, sad, frustrated etc.
54
Q

Approach-Approach conflict

A

-forced choice between two desirable things

55
Q

Approach avoidance conflict

A
  • forced choice between two things that have both positives and negatives
  • can be a choice between more than two things
56
Q

Avoidance avoidance conflict

A

-forces choice between two bad things

57
Q

Emotion focused vs. problem focused approach to stress

A
  • Emotion: changing ones Perception because can’t control source of stress
  • problem: problem solving to eliminate the source of stress
58
Q

Cataclysmic event

A
  • a stressor
  • occurs suddenly and affect many people
  • ex) natural disaster
59
Q

Chronic stressors

A

-ongoing unpleasant events

60
Q

Hassles

A

-small things that add up to become stressors

61
Q

Life changes

A
  • life events that require a change in behavior can be stressful
  • ex) moving
  • Holmes-Rahe Scale: questionnaire for identifying major life stressors and how likely you are to develop stress induced illness
62
Q

Frustration

A
  • tension from a blocked goal

- often leads to aggression

63
Q

HPA Axis

A

-stressor, Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal cortex, cortisol, increased energy

64
Q

SNS Axis

A

-stressor, Hypothalamus, sympathetic Nervous System, adrenal medulla, adrenaline, increased energy

65
Q

Stress related illnesses

A
  • prolonged elevation of cortisol can lead to health issues

- PTSD, pulmonary/cardiac illness

Psychology (14 decks)

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