Study Guide 7 - Motivation, Emotion, Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Instinct Theory

A
  • motivated based on automatic responses to stimuli
  • instincts are unlearned and have a fixed pattern of actions
  • habituation: decreased response to stimuli after exposure, gets rid of responses that aren’t useful
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2
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A
  • a biological NEED creates a tense state (DRIVE) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need and return to homeostasis (sense of balance)
  • ex) need: food drive: hungry behavior: eating
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3
Q

Behavioral/Incentive Theory

A
  • incentives (goals or rewards) pull us to reduce our drives
  • ex) Incentives can be food, water, or money
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4
Q

Humanistic Theory

A
  • we must fulfill our needs in a hierarchy
  • biological at the bottom -> self-actualization (greatest potential)
  • fully functioning person: heading towards self actualization, growing and changing and living a good life
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5
Q

Arousal Theory

A
  • performance increases with arousal up to a certain point
  • ex) need some stress to perform well on a test
  • high performance on difficult tasks = low arousal
  • high performance on easy tasks = high arousal
  • perform best at moderate arousal
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6
Q

Hunger Motivation

A
  • biological: body chemistry and brain influence our hunger drive, hunger pains
  • psychological reasons: sight and smell of food, our mood
  • social reasons: what we like to eat is based on culture
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7
Q

Set Point Theory

A

-our bodies want to bring us back to our natural weight

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8
Q

Glucose and Insulin

A
  • Glucose: when glucose in the body decreases, hunger increases
  • Insulin: pancreatic hormone, when insulin increases it triggers feelings of hunger because it decreases the amount of glucose in the blood by converting it to fat
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9
Q

Ghrelin and Orexin

A

-hunger triggering hormones

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10
Q

PYY

A
  • digestive tract hormone

- decreases appetite

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11
Q

Leptin

A
  • a protein

- as leptin levels increase, desire to eat decreases

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12
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

-signals body to begin eating

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13
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

-signals body to stop eating

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14
Q

Anorexia

A
  • a condition in which one starves themselves, and exercises obsessively
  • leads to fatigue, loss of muscle and bone density, and can be deadly
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15
Q

Bulimia

A
  • patients maintain a normal weight yet eat a ton and then throw it all up
  • also very dangerous
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16
Q

Binge Eating Disorder

A

-binge eating (eating a large amount of food all at once) followed by emotional distress and guilt

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17
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A
  • pattern of biological arousal during and after sexual activity
  • men and women differ slightly
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18
Q

Refractory Period

A

-time in males right after an orgasm that they are temporarily insensitive to sexual arousal

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19
Q

Sex hormones

A
  • estrogen (females) testosterone (males)
  • varying levels affect sexuality
  • change during menstrual cycle and testosterone production cycle -> aggression
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20
Q

Sexual Orientation Theories

A
  • homosexuality: gay
  • heterosexuality: straight
  • bisexual: both
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21
Q

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

A
  • INTRINSIC: internal desires to do something
    ex) reading because it gives you pleasure
  • EXTRINSIC: motivating factors that are external to you
    ex) money, good grades
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22
Q

Grit

A
  • passion and stamina for long term goals

- HUGE predictor of success

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23
Q

Theory X vs. Theory Y

A
  • Theory X: managers believe workers are lazy and need close monitoring and incentives to work hard
  • Theory Y: managers believe that workers are intrinsically motivated and work for reasons other than money
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24
Q

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

A
  • feel biological effects then the emotion

- ex) drugs that inhibit sympathetic Nervous System activity reduce people’s subjective experience of anxiety

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25
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
- feel biological and emotion at the same time | - ex) emotion-arousing stimulus is sent to the brain and sympathetic Nervous System at the same time
26
Schacter Two-Factor Theory/Cognitive Theory
- emotions are made up of two factors: physical arousal AND a cognitive label of the emotion - ex) Robert experienced fear on a plane because he labeled his rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, and sweating as a reaction to the danger he was in
27
Opponent Process Theory of Emotion
- feel a flood of one emotion and then feel the opposing emotion - ex) fear then relief
28
LeDoux's Dual Pathway Model
- fearful stimuli can take 2 pathways to the brain - High road: to cortex for analysis then amygdala - Low Road: straight to amygdala
29
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
- manipulating facial expressions changes people's emotion when viewing them - your facial expressions feed your emotions
30
Polygraph
- lie detector - measures physiological indicators of emotion - ex) breathing
31
Subjective well being
- self perceived happiness + satisfaction with life | - used to evaluate people's quality of life
32
Adaptation level phenomenon
- people adapt to emotion - satisfaction is short lived - we judge events based on our past experiences
33
Relative Deprivation
-our perception that we are worse off than others
34
Spill over Effect
-arousal from 1 event spills over into response to next event
35
Flow
- a state of being completely involved and focused on a task, with decreased awareness of self and time - due to optimal engagement in an activity
36
Ostracism
-social exclusion that threatens ones need to belong
37
Industrial Organizational Psychology
- the application of psychology to optimizing human behavior in the workplace - help motivate employees and keep them engaged
38
Feel Good Do Good Phenomenon
-people's tendency to do good things when they're in a good mood
39
Leadership Theory
- great person: all good leaders share certain traits - although personality is important, this theory is not 100% accurate b/c leadership depends on situation - transformational: motivates workers to commit to the group mission -> engaged, trusting workers
40
6 Universal Facial Expressions
- happiness - surprise - fear - sadness - anger - disgust
41
Catharsis
- emotional release | - people argue that if we release our anger we will feel better
42
Micro Expressions
- small facial movements that can't be controlled - very fast - may provide signals of emotions and lying
43
Cognitive/emotional cues for eating
- memory influences hunger - sight and smell of food - stress and mood
44
Social Cues for Eating
- cultural preference | - social facilitation: tend to eat more around other ppl
45
Display Rules
-depending on your culture u may hide your emotions around authority figures
46
Social referencing
-taking cues from other people about which emotions and behaviors are appropriate
47
Locus of control
- external: behavior is guided by fate or luck | - internal: behavior is guided by ME and my efforts/decisions
48
Type A vs. Type B personalities
- type A: intense desire to achieve, urgent, impatient | - type B: more relaxed and easy going
49
Eustress vs. Distress
- Eustress: positive! | - Distress: negative!
50
General Adaptation Syndrome
- alarm: body is mobilized to defend - resistance: body defends against a stressor - exhaustion: resources are low and hard to keep on going
51
Fight or Flight
-physiological reaction to a stressor
52
Optimistic/Pessimistic Explanatory style
- our emotional response to stress depends on how we interpret it - interpret it positively or negatively?
53
Physical and emotional reaction to stress
- physical: mobilize body's resources, breathing increases, heart rate increases, increased blood pressure, upset stomach - emotional: scared, sad, frustrated etc.
54
Approach-Approach conflict
-forced choice between two desirable things
55
Approach avoidance conflict
- forced choice between two things that have both positives and negatives - can be a choice between more than two things
56
Avoidance avoidance conflict
-forces choice between two bad things
57
Emotion focused vs. problem focused approach to stress
- Emotion: changing ones Perception because can't control source of stress - problem: problem solving to eliminate the source of stress
58
Cataclysmic event
- a stressor - occurs suddenly and affect many people - ex) natural disaster
59
Chronic stressors
-ongoing unpleasant events
60
Hassles
-small things that add up to become stressors
61
Life changes
- life events that require a change in behavior can be stressful - ex) moving - Holmes-Rahe Scale: questionnaire for identifying major life stressors and how likely you are to develop stress induced illness
62
Frustration
- tension from a blocked goal | - often leads to aggression
63
HPA Axis
-stressor, Hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal cortex, cortisol, increased energy
64
SNS Axis
-stressor, Hypothalamus, sympathetic Nervous System, adrenal medulla, adrenaline, increased energy
65
Stress related illnesses
- prolonged elevation of cortisol can lead to health issues | - PTSD, pulmonary/cardiac illness