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Psychology > Study Guide 13 - Abnormal > Flashcards

Study Guide 13 - Abnormal Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychological disorder

A

-persistent harmful thought, feelings, and behavior that are deviant distressful and dysfunctional

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2
Q

Criteria for diagnosis

A
  • atypical (deviant): not normal
  • maladaptive (distressful): behavior must cause distress
  • unjustifiable (dysfunctional): behavior cannot function normally in society
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3
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

-ppl are predisposed to a disorder which comes out when paired with stress

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4
Q

Medical Model

A

-abnormal behavior is the result of a physical problem and is treated medically

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5
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A
  • bio, social, and psychological all lead to illness
  • bio: genes
  • psych: stress, trauma
  • socio-cultural: roles, expectations
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6
Q

DSM-V

A
  • documents psychological disorders

- updated periodically

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7
Q

Goals of DSM

A
  • describe disorders, determine how prevalent disorder is, common reference
  • axis 1: clinical syndrome, cognitive
  • axis 2: personality and mental retardation
  • axis 3: other medical conditions
  • axis 4: environmental problems
  • axis 5: overall person
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8
Q

Rosenhan Study

A
  • used fake patients
  • asked staff to determine who are the fake ones
  • staff failed to detect fake patients
  • called real patients fake
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9
Q

Criticisms of DSM

A

-dangerous to depersonalize so now they try to focus on the individual person

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10
Q

Labeling

A
  • the label “insane” raises questions

- how should society treat these people?

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11
Q

Insanity Defense

A
  • insanity is a legal term not a psychological term

- if u plead insane you are not held accountable for your actions because u don’t understand that it was wrong

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12
Q

Anxiety Disorders

A

-uneasy feeling or belief that something bad is going to happen

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13
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A
  • excessive worry for a long period of time
  • difficulty sleeping, eating
  • anxiety attacks
  • heritable, common in women
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14
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  • anxiety
  • recurrent unpredictable attacks of terror
  • extremely intense panic attacks
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15
Q

Phobias

A
  • anxiety
  • irrational fear
  • learned
  • agoraphobia: fear of being in a place without escape
  • social phobia: avoid situations that may be embarrassing
  • specific phobia: fear of an object
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16
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

-anxiety
-recurrent thoughts that cause distress
AND/OR
-irresistible urge to do something many times

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17
Q

PTSD

A
  • anxiety

- prolonged severe stress from a catastrophic event

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18
Q

Somatoform Disorder

A

-no physical cause!

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19
Q

Hypochondriasis

A
  • somatoform

- preoccupation with health

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20
Q

Conversion Disorder

A
  • somatoform
  • loss of motor/sensory functioning
  • emotional conflicts “converted” into physical symptoms
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21
Q

Dissociative Disorder

A
  • under stress, there is a loss of ability to integrate ones conscious, identity and memory
  • caused by traumatic events
  • coping mechanism, dissociates from a situation that is too painful to handle
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22
Q

Dissociative Amnesia

A

-loss of memory of specific periods of time

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23
Q

Dissociative Fugue

A
  • complete loss of identity

- may assume a new identity

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24
Q

Dissociative Identity Disorder

A

-2 or more distinct personalities

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25
Q

Personality Disorders

A
  • behavior that makes it difficult to interact with others

- usually a result of childhood neglect

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26
Q

Paranoid Personality Disorder

A
  • very suspicious of others

- thinks people are “out to get them”

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27
Q

Schizoid Personality Disorder

A
  • very distant

- little to no emotion

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28
Q

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A

-hard to form close relationships

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29
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A
  • bad behavior and doesn’t understand that it is wrong

- genetic, manifested b/c environment

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30
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A
  • no stable self image
  • lack of impulse control
  • negative personal relationships
  • moody
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31
Q

Histrionic Personality Disorder

A
  • dramatic

- wants to be praised and the center of attention

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32
Q

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A

-thinks they are the best and want to be the center of attention

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33
Q

Avoidant Personality Disorder

A

-avoids social relationships b/c fear rejection

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34
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A
  • need for order

- rigid way of relating to others

35
Q

Dependent Personality Disorder

A
  • depends too much on others

- can’t make their own decisions

36
Q

Passive-aggressive Personality Disorder

A

-indirect expressions of hostility

37
Q

Mood Disorders

A
  • disturbances of emotions

- normal reactions magnified

38
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A
  • mood Disorder
  • feels depressed for at least two weeks
  • for no apparent reason
  • decreased interest, feels worthless, fatigue, changes in weight
  • causes: not enough serotonin and norepinephrine, may be genetic
  • treatment: drugs, support groups, shock treatment
39
Q

Dysthymic Disorder

A
  • mood Disorder
  • very similar to major depressive Disorder
  • not as overwhelming
40
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A
  • mood Disorder
  • alternates between depression and overexcited mania
  • causes: many genes contribute
  • treatments: drug therapy and psychotherapy
  • bipolar 1 is the most extreme, bipolar 2 does not have as intense highs, cyclothymic is “bi-polar like”
41
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • bio illness with unique features
  • positive symptoms: added onto normal behavior (hallucinations, delusion, bizarre behavior)
  • negative symptoms: taken away from behavior (isolation, no emotion)
  • “split brain” because react inappropriately to situations
42
Q

Paranoid Schizophrenia

A
  • delusions of grandeur/persecution/jealousy
  • delusions cause then worry
  • hallucinations
  • erratic and dangerous behavior
43
Q

Disorganized Schizophrenia

A
  • confused behavior
  • illogical
  • incoherent speech
  • hallucinations and disorganized delusions
  • emotionless
44
Q

Catatonic Schizophrenia

A
  • bizarre movements
  • alternating periods of extreme withdrawal and excitement
  • unresponsive and immobile
45
Q

Residual Schizophrenia

A

-mild indications of schizophrenia shown by those individuals in remission

46
Q

Undifferentiated Type Schizophrenia

A
  • rapidly changing mix of all of the symptoms of schizophrenia
  • most often seen in patients breaking down and becoming schizophrenic
47
Q

Issues with Diagnosing Schizophrenia

A
  • no physical test that can confirm

- right now diagnosis is based on observing behavior

48
Q

Genetic causes of schizophrenia

A

-twin studies show a strong genetic link to schizophrenia

49
Q

Environmental causes of schizophrenia

A

-diathesis-stress: Disorder likely to occur when person undergoes physical changes under stress

50
Q

Dopamine Hypothesis Schizophrenia

A
  • dopamine imbalance in the brain

- too much dopamine in frontal lobes

51
Q

Glutamate Hypothesis Schizophrenia

A

-schizophrenia is caused by imbalanced levels of glutamate so to fix must moderate the levels

52
Q

Brain Abnormality Schizophrenia

A
  • less grey matter
  • larger ventricles
  • issues with prefrontal cortex (judgement, organized thoughts) and lambic system
53
Q

Treatment of Schizophrenia

A
  • combination of therapy and drugs

- only use psychosurgery in extreme cases

54
Q

Tardive Dyskinesia

A
  • movement Disorder due to drugs that decrease dopamine levels
  • side effect of treatment of schizophrenia
55
Q

Psychotherapy

A

-tries to change disturbed thoughts/emotions/behaviors

56
Q

State hospital system

A
  • early large state hospitals

- BAD treatment

57
Q

Modern state hospital

A

-smaller, more humane care

58
Q

Community health center

A
  • comprehensive treatment facilities

- offers alternatives to hospitalization

59
Q

Revolving door

A
  • issue

- many patients cycle in and out of mental hospitals

60
Q

Institutionalization

A
  • conditions vary between state and private hospitals

- forcing someone to go to a mental hospital is unethical ?

61
Q

Psychoanalytic Therapy

A
  • move issues from unconscious to conscious
  • achieved through free association and dream analysis
  • assumes issues are related to childhood
62
Q

Resistance

A
  • psychoanalytic

- therapist looks for clues that patient is avoiding an issue

63
Q

Transference

A
  • psychoanalytic

- eventually patient opens up and reveals innermost thoughts -> positive or negative emotions toward therapist

64
Q

Interpretation

A
  • psychoanalytic
  • therapist analyzes thoughts/behaviors
  • leads to understanding and solving the problem and
65
Q

Psychodynamic therapy

A

-shorter and focuses on relationships

66
Q

Supportive-Expressive Therapy

A
  • psychodynamic
  • supportive: help symptoms quickly
  • expressive: relieve symptoms through developing self awareness
67
Q

Counter-Transference

A
  • psychodynamic

- how therapist treats patient

68
Q

Cognitive therapy

A
  • psychodynamic
  • assumes problems come from bad thoughts and beliefs
  • tries to change thought processes
69
Q

Aaron Becks Theory

A
  • depression reflects bad thought processes
  • selective perception: focus only on negatives
  • overgeneralization: thinks they have no self worth for no reason
  • magnification: magnifies significance of bad events
  • all-or-nothing: everything is good or bad
70
Q

Humanistic Therapy

A
  • rogers: treats ppl as clients, emphasis on health

- techniques: empathy, active listening, unconditional positive regard

71
Q

Behavior Therapy

A
  • learning to change behavior

- use conditioning and modeling and observational learning

72
Q

Systematic desensitization

A
  • behavior
  • treat phobias
  • gradually increase an anxiety producing stimuli while linking experience with a relaxed state (classical conditioning)
73
Q

Token economy

A
  • behavior

- behaviors rewarded with a token

74
Q

Flooding/exposure

A
  • behavior

- constant exposure to something that the patient fears

75
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

-combines cognitive and behavior therapy to change thoughts and behavior

76
Q

Group therapy

A
  • less expensive
  • comfort and support
  • learn from others
77
Q

Biomedical Therapy

A

-drug treatment

78
Q

Anti anxiety drugs

A
  • relieve muscle tension
  • increase GABA and serotonin
  • ex) xanax, Valium
79
Q

Antipsychotic drugs

A
  • improve thought processes
  • work on dopamine receptors
  • ex) Thorazine, Clozapine
80
Q

Antidepressant Drugs

A
  • alleviate sadness
  • increase serotonin and norepinephrine
  • ex) Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lithium
81
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A
  • can decrease depression

- uses electric current through brain to make seizures

82
Q

Psychosurgery

A
  • today lobotomy: alter frontal lobes

- calms patients but also alters personality and drive

83
Q

Rational Emotive Therapy

A
  • psychodynamic
  • change irrational beliefs to rational ones in order to resolve problems
  • challenge false beliefs

Psychology (14 decks)

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