Study Guide 13 - Abnormal Flashcards
Psychological disorder
-persistent harmful thought, feelings, and behavior that are deviant distressful and dysfunctional
Criteria for diagnosis
- atypical (deviant): not normal
- maladaptive (distressful): behavior must cause distress
- unjustifiable (dysfunctional): behavior cannot function normally in society
Diathesis-Stress Model
-ppl are predisposed to a disorder which comes out when paired with stress
Medical Model
-abnormal behavior is the result of a physical problem and is treated medically
Biopsychosocial Model
- bio, social, and psychological all lead to illness
- bio: genes
- psych: stress, trauma
- socio-cultural: roles, expectations
DSM-V
- documents psychological disorders
- updated periodically
Goals of DSM
- describe disorders, determine how prevalent disorder is, common reference
- axis 1: clinical syndrome, cognitive
- axis 2: personality and mental retardation
- axis 3: other medical conditions
- axis 4: environmental problems
- axis 5: overall person
Rosenhan Study
- used fake patients
- asked staff to determine who are the fake ones
- staff failed to detect fake patients
- called real patients fake
Criticisms of DSM
-dangerous to depersonalize so now they try to focus on the individual person
Labeling
- the label “insane” raises questions
- how should society treat these people?
Insanity Defense
- insanity is a legal term not a psychological term
- if u plead insane you are not held accountable for your actions because u don’t understand that it was wrong
Anxiety Disorders
-uneasy feeling or belief that something bad is going to happen
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- excessive worry for a long period of time
- difficulty sleeping, eating
- anxiety attacks
- heritable, common in women
Panic Disorder
- anxiety
- recurrent unpredictable attacks of terror
- extremely intense panic attacks
Phobias
- anxiety
- irrational fear
- learned
- agoraphobia: fear of being in a place without escape
- social phobia: avoid situations that may be embarrassing
- specific phobia: fear of an object
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
-anxiety
-recurrent thoughts that cause distress
AND/OR
-irresistible urge to do something many times
PTSD
- anxiety
- prolonged severe stress from a catastrophic event
Somatoform Disorder
-no physical cause!
Hypochondriasis
- somatoform
- preoccupation with health
Conversion Disorder
- somatoform
- loss of motor/sensory functioning
- emotional conflicts “converted” into physical symptoms
Dissociative Disorder
- under stress, there is a loss of ability to integrate ones conscious, identity and memory
- caused by traumatic events
- coping mechanism, dissociates from a situation that is too painful to handle
Dissociative Amnesia
-loss of memory of specific periods of time
Dissociative Fugue
- complete loss of identity
- may assume a new identity
Dissociative Identity Disorder
-2 or more distinct personalities
Personality Disorders
- behavior that makes it difficult to interact with others
- usually a result of childhood neglect
Paranoid Personality Disorder
- very suspicious of others
- thinks people are “out to get them”
Schizoid Personality Disorder
- very distant
- little to no emotion
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
-hard to form close relationships
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- bad behavior and doesn’t understand that it is wrong
- genetic, manifested b/c environment
Borderline Personality Disorder
- no stable self image
- lack of impulse control
- negative personal relationships
- moody
Histrionic Personality Disorder
- dramatic
- wants to be praised and the center of attention
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
-thinks they are the best and want to be the center of attention
Avoidant Personality Disorder
-avoids social relationships b/c fear rejection
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- need for order
- rigid way of relating to others
Dependent Personality Disorder
- depends too much on others
- can’t make their own decisions
Passive-aggressive Personality Disorder
-indirect expressions of hostility
Mood Disorders
- disturbances of emotions
- normal reactions magnified
Major Depressive Disorder
- mood Disorder
- feels depressed for at least two weeks
- for no apparent reason
- decreased interest, feels worthless, fatigue, changes in weight
- causes: not enough serotonin and norepinephrine, may be genetic
- treatment: drugs, support groups, shock treatment
Dysthymic Disorder
- mood Disorder
- very similar to major depressive Disorder
- not as overwhelming
Bipolar Disorder
- mood Disorder
- alternates between depression and overexcited mania
- causes: many genes contribute
- treatments: drug therapy and psychotherapy
- bipolar 1 is the most extreme, bipolar 2 does not have as intense highs, cyclothymic is “bi-polar like”
Schizophrenia
- bio illness with unique features
- positive symptoms: added onto normal behavior (hallucinations, delusion, bizarre behavior)
- negative symptoms: taken away from behavior (isolation, no emotion)
- “split brain” because react inappropriately to situations
Paranoid Schizophrenia
- delusions of grandeur/persecution/jealousy
- delusions cause then worry
- hallucinations
- erratic and dangerous behavior
Disorganized Schizophrenia
- confused behavior
- illogical
- incoherent speech
- hallucinations and disorganized delusions
- emotionless
Catatonic Schizophrenia
- bizarre movements
- alternating periods of extreme withdrawal and excitement
- unresponsive and immobile
Residual Schizophrenia
-mild indications of schizophrenia shown by those individuals in remission
Undifferentiated Type Schizophrenia
- rapidly changing mix of all of the symptoms of schizophrenia
- most often seen in patients breaking down and becoming schizophrenic
Issues with Diagnosing Schizophrenia
- no physical test that can confirm
- right now diagnosis is based on observing behavior
Genetic causes of schizophrenia
-twin studies show a strong genetic link to schizophrenia
Environmental causes of schizophrenia
-diathesis-stress: Disorder likely to occur when person undergoes physical changes under stress
Dopamine Hypothesis Schizophrenia
- dopamine imbalance in the brain
- too much dopamine in frontal lobes
Glutamate Hypothesis Schizophrenia
-schizophrenia is caused by imbalanced levels of glutamate so to fix must moderate the levels
Brain Abnormality Schizophrenia
- less grey matter
- larger ventricles
- issues with prefrontal cortex (judgement, organized thoughts) and lambic system
Treatment of Schizophrenia
- combination of therapy and drugs
- only use psychosurgery in extreme cases
Tardive Dyskinesia
- movement Disorder due to drugs that decrease dopamine levels
- side effect of treatment of schizophrenia
Psychotherapy
-tries to change disturbed thoughts/emotions/behaviors
State hospital system
- early large state hospitals
- BAD treatment
Modern state hospital
-smaller, more humane care
Community health center
- comprehensive treatment facilities
- offers alternatives to hospitalization
Revolving door
- issue
- many patients cycle in and out of mental hospitals
Institutionalization
- conditions vary between state and private hospitals
- forcing someone to go to a mental hospital is unethical ?
Psychoanalytic Therapy
- move issues from unconscious to conscious
- achieved through free association and dream analysis
- assumes issues are related to childhood
Resistance
- psychoanalytic
- therapist looks for clues that patient is avoiding an issue
Transference
- psychoanalytic
- eventually patient opens up and reveals innermost thoughts -> positive or negative emotions toward therapist
Interpretation
- psychoanalytic
- therapist analyzes thoughts/behaviors
- leads to understanding and solving the problem and
Psychodynamic therapy
-shorter and focuses on relationships
Supportive-Expressive Therapy
- psychodynamic
- supportive: help symptoms quickly
- expressive: relieve symptoms through developing self awareness
Counter-Transference
- psychodynamic
- how therapist treats patient
Cognitive therapy
- psychodynamic
- assumes problems come from bad thoughts and beliefs
- tries to change thought processes
Aaron Becks Theory
- depression reflects bad thought processes
- selective perception: focus only on negatives
- overgeneralization: thinks they have no self worth for no reason
- magnification: magnifies significance of bad events
- all-or-nothing: everything is good or bad
Humanistic Therapy
- rogers: treats ppl as clients, emphasis on health
- techniques: empathy, active listening, unconditional positive regard
Behavior Therapy
- learning to change behavior
- use conditioning and modeling and observational learning
Systematic desensitization
- behavior
- treat phobias
- gradually increase an anxiety producing stimuli while linking experience with a relaxed state (classical conditioning)
Token economy
- behavior
- behaviors rewarded with a token
Flooding/exposure
- behavior
- constant exposure to something that the patient fears
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
-combines cognitive and behavior therapy to change thoughts and behavior
Group therapy
- less expensive
- comfort and support
- learn from others
Biomedical Therapy
-drug treatment
Anti anxiety drugs
- relieve muscle tension
- increase GABA and serotonin
- ex) xanax, Valium
Antipsychotic drugs
- improve thought processes
- work on dopamine receptors
- ex) Thorazine, Clozapine
Antidepressant Drugs
- alleviate sadness
- increase serotonin and norepinephrine
- ex) Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil, Lithium
Electroconvulsive Therapy
- can decrease depression
- uses electric current through brain to make seizures
Psychosurgery
- today lobotomy: alter frontal lobes
- calms patients but also alters personality and drive
Rational Emotive Therapy
- psychodynamic
- change irrational beliefs to rational ones in order to resolve problems
- challenge false beliefs
