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Psychology > Study Guide 1 - Psychology's History, Foundations, Approaches > Flashcards

Study Guide 1 - Psychology's History, Foundations, Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology

A

-A science that studies behavior and mental processes, and to apply that understanding to help humans

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2
Q

Biological Psychologist

A
  • also called physiological psychologists
  • study how bio. processes in the organs affect, and are affected by behavior and mental processes
  • ex) “hear voices” = activity in the brain that process info about REAL sounds
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3
Q

Developmental Psychologist

A
  • describe changes in behavior and mental processes that occur as one ages
  • try to understand the causes and effects of those changes
  • differences in where you would put a third eye in 9 and 11 year olds
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4
Q

Cognitive Psychologist

A
  • study mental abilities like learning, memory, thinking, intelligence
  • ex) these scientists have found that humans manipulate info we receive (Husband and Father in Law pic)
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5
Q

Personality Psychologist

A
  • study similarities and differences among people

- ex) study characteristics of ppl who tend to be pessimistic or depressed

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6
Q

Clinical/Counseling Psychologist

A
  • do research on the causes of mental disorders and offer services to help ppl overcome disorders
  • CLINICAL treat disorders! More chronic conditions
  • COUNSELING help ppl cope with more short term problems
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7
Q

ABD- Clinical and Developmental Psychology

A
  • alike because they both study mental processes, and want to understand why mental processes change
  • different because DEVELOPMENTAL study changes as a human grows, while CLINICAL study mental disorders
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8
Q

Educational Psychologist

A
  • research and develop theories about teaching and learning

- ex) work applied in programs to improve school curriculums

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9
Q

Social Psychologist

A
  • study the ways ppl think about themselves and others, and how ppl influence each other
  • ex) study peer pressure, social persuasion for public health campaigns
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10
Q

Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

A
  • study factors that affect workers and companies

- may study leadership, competition, pay scales, ways businesses work or don’t work

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11
Q

Human Factors Psychologist

A
  • study human factors in the use of equipment

- ex) help designers create better versions of keyboards, TV remotes

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12
Q

ABD - Human factors and industrial/organizational psychology

A
  • alike because both try to create things/settings that increase efficiency and help humans work better
  • different because HUMAN FACTORS help design products, and INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL help workers and companies
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13
Q

Forensic Psychologist

A
  • assist in jury selection

- deal with issues involving psych and the law

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14
Q

Wilhem Wundt

A
  • established first psych lab in 1879, birth of modern psych (science of mental processes rather than philosophy)
  • studied sensory-perception systems, focused on consciousness
  • quality, intensity = essential parts of sensation, feelings described as dis/pleasure, tense/relax, excitement/depression
  • wanted to describe parts of consciousness (studied speed of decision making)
  • INTROSPECTION: looking inward, describe sensations stimuli made
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15
Q

Edward Titchener

A
  • studied Wundt’s basic elements of consciousness, and other parts of the conscious experience
  • result = “clearness” is a part of sensation
  • STRUCTURALISM: define structure of consciousness
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16
Q

Max Wertheimer

A
  • against Wundt’s efforts to break down consciousness into its parts
  • GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY: whole not the sum of its parts
  • ex) movies
17
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • was questioning his belief that all behavior/mental processes have physical causes
  • came to believe that all behavior is motivated by psychological processes
  • developed PSYCHOANALYSIS: had theory of personality and mental disorder & treatments
  • controversial
18
Q

William James

A
  • founded psych lab at Harvard
  • wanted to understand how mental events function to help us adapt to our surroundings
  • FUNCTIONALISM: role of consciousness in guiding ppl ability to make decisions, solve problems etc.
  • emphasized job of mental processes -> psychologists looking at how mental processes differ from person to person
19
Q

Behavior

A
  • observable action

- sit, laugh cry etc.

20
Q

Mental Processes

A
  • thinking, that leads to a behavior

- ex) emotions, decision making

21
Q

Empirical

A

-quantitative research with data

22
Q

Nature-Nurture

A
  • Nature: we are born the way we are, genetics

- Nurture: how we are raised/our surroundings

23
Q

ABD - Behavior and Mental Process

A
  • alike because both are things humans do constantly, mental processes -> behavior, both have consequences
  • different because BEHAVIOR is an action, MENTAL PROCESSES is things that go on inside one’s head
24
Q

John Watson, Skinner, Pavlov

A
  • observable behavior most important source of info for psych
  • didn’t think consciousness was worth studying because it is private
  • behavior the result of learning
  • Skinner studied how rewards/punishments shape behavior (operant conditioning)
  • BEHAVIORISM
25
Q

Charles Darwin

A
  • theory of evolution natural selection
  • traits are favored in certain environments, and increase chances of survival and reproduction
  • survival of the fittest individuals
  • if all species evolved in similar ways, maybe behavior and mental processes of all species follow similar laws
26
Q

Carl Rogers and Maslow

A
  • observes how humans grow to reach their full potential
  • human nature always changing
  • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
  • warm & fuzzy
  • HUMANISM
27
Q

Eclectic Perspective/Biopsychosocial/Levels of Analysis Model

A

-many psychologists blend methods/approaches to better understand mental and behavior

28
Q

Biological Perspective

A
  • behavior and mental processes are shaped by biological processes
  • study effects of hormones, genes, and brain activity
  • ex) studying thinking, look for patterns of brain activity associated with reading
29
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A
  • behavior result of evolution through natural selection

- ex) aggression as territory protection

30
Q

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective

A
  • behavior/mental reflect unconscious struggle within us
  • conflict between satisfying instinct and following societies rules
  • ex) anxiety/depression as signs of inner conflict
31
Q

Behavioral Perspective

A
  • learning experiences shape us
  • try to understand behavior by looking at the person’s learning history
  • ppl can change behaviors by developing new habits
32
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A
  • study mental events that accompany behavior
  • how we take in, store, process, perceive information
  • focus on mental processes to understand behavior
33
Q

Humanist Perspective

A
  • behavior determined by people’s capacity to choose how they think and act
  • choices driven by each persons’s perception of the world
  • try to understand how one’s unique experiences guide their thoughts/actions
  • ppl are good, are in control, and will reach their highest potential
34
Q

Social-Cultural Perspective

A
  • how behaviors/mental processes are shaped by social groups and culture
  • big differences in behavior/mental processes between cultures
  • ex) Individualist cultures value personal achievement, and collectivist cultures focus on cooperative effort
35
Q

ABD - Psychoanalytic and Behavioral Perspectives/Approaches

A
  • alike because both believe that humans nature is influenced by the past (either by conflicts or learning)
  • different because PSYCHOANALYTIC emphasizes unconscious struggle and BEHAVIORAL emphasizes behavior as a result of learning
36
Q

Psychometric Psychologist

A
  • psychological measurement of knowledge, abilities, and personality
  • methods/techniques for designing experiments and analyzing data
37
Q

Psychiatrist VS. Psychologist

A
  • Psychiatrist is a physician who diagnosis, prevents, studies and treats mental disorders, can prescribe medicine
  • Psychologist studies behavior and mental processes, focuses on therapy
38
Q

Basic VS. Applied Research

A
  • BASIC: do the research in labs, finding out new information
  • APPLIED: applying information to new situations

Psychology (14 decks)

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