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Psychology > Study Guide 3 - Biology Of Behavior > Flashcards

Study Guide 3 - Biology Of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • supportive cells
  • help grow
  • provide nutrients
  • get rid of waste
  • form insulating sheath
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2
Q

Neurons

A
  • basic unit of structure and function in the nervous system
  • receive information
  • process information
  • transmit information
  • semi permeable outer membrane and mitochondria
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3
Q

Dendrite

A
  • part of the neuron that receives messages

- carry signal to cell body

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4
Q

Cell body

A
  • the support center of the cell

- soma contains the nucleus (DNA) and other parts of the cell

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5
Q

Axon

A

-carries messages away from the cell body

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6
Q

Terminal buttons

A
  • form junctions with other cells

- have neurotransmitters

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7
Q

Myelin sheath

A
  • fatty substance that covers the axon and speeds up the impulse
  • Schwann cell (glial)
  • larger axon diameter = faster
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8
Q

Synapse

A

-tiny gap between neurons that they communicate across

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9
Q

Polarization

A

-normally, the inside of the cell is slightly more negative than the outside

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10
Q

Depolarization

A
  • positive and negative molecules attract
  • normally channels for positive molecules are closed
  • but changes in environment can depolarize part of the membrane allowing gates to open, and + molecules to enter
  • continues, spreading down axon
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11
Q

Action Potential

A

-abrupt wave of electrochemical changes in the axon when a neuron becomes depolarized

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12
Q

All or nothing Principle

A

-cell fires action potential at full strength or not at all

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13
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • disorder that destroys myelin
  • may occur because myelin is similar to some viruses, so when the immune system attacks the viruses it also destroys myelin
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14
Q

Refractory Period

A
  • time between action potentials when neuron cannot fire

- after repolarization, (+ molecules pumped back outside membrane) neuron CAN fire

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15
Q

Sensory Neurons

A
  • Afferent!

- information from sensory receptors to central nervous system

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16
Q

Motor Neuron

A
  • efferent

- information from the CNS to muscles and glands

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17
Q

Interneurons

A

-neurons within the CNS, between sensory and motor

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18
Q

Mirror Neurons

A
  • Neurons that mirror other people’s actions/emotions
  • ex) yawning
  • help humans connect
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19
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron and stimulates channels to open
  • charged molecules enter -> change in membrane potential
  • they are in vesicles in the axon terminal
  • EXCITATORY: help reach threshold so can fire (depolarizing)
  • INHIBITORY: less likely to reach threshold (hyper-polarization)
  • combined effect of excitatory and inhibitory decides if neuron will fire
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20
Q

Reuptake

A
  • presynaptic neuron sucks neurotransmitter back up

- “recycle”

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21
Q

Lock and Key Fit

A
  • neurotransmitter fits exactly in receptor
  • each receptor recognizes only one type of neurotransmitter
  • each each neurotransmitter can bind to different receptors -> different effects
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22
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • nervous system not in bone

- carries out sensory and motor function

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23
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • in bone
  • brain and spinal chord
  • info is sent here to be processed
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24
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A
  • PNS
  • transmits info from senses to CNS and from CNS to muscles
  • ex) involved in feeling sensations of warmth
  • ex) movement - Neurons from spinal chord to muscles
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25
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • carries messages back and forth between CNS and heart, lungs, and other organs/glands
  • messages influence activity of these organs
  • controls activities outside of conscious control ex) digestion
  • SYMPATHETIC: body for action during stress, fight or flight ex) increase heart rate
  • PARASYMPATHETIC: conserve energy ex) decrease heart rate
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26
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • learning, memory, voluntary movement

- Alzheimer’s if too little

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27
Q

Dopamine

A
  • involuntary motor activity, reward pathway, motivation
  • too much = Schizophrenia
  • too little = Parkinson’s
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28
Q

Serotonin

A
  • sleep, dreaming, appetite, sexual behavior, mood
  • shortage = depression
  • SSRIs prevent serotonin from being taken back in
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29
Q

GABA

A
  • primary inhibitory neurotransmitter

- too little = anxiety and seizure

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30
Q

Substance P

A
  • allows you to feel pain

- shortage = CIPA which prevents feeling sensations such as pain

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31
Q

Endocrine System

A

-hormones in blood communicate and regulate

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32
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • master gland, controls endocrine organs
  • growth, metabolism
  • hypothalamus controls pituitary
    1. Bottomless pit
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33
Q

Adrenal Gland

A
  • preps body for action

- fight/flight

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34
Q

PET

A
  • function

- locate cell activity by tracking the brain’s use of a radioactive tagged molecule like glucose

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35
Q

MRI

A
  • structure

- magnetic field bombards brain and creates a highly detailed image of brain

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36
Q

fMRI

A
  • function
  • images of active areas of the brain
  • combines advantages of PET and MRI
  • can detect changes in blood flow that reflects changes in Neuron activity
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37
Q

TMS

A
  • function
  • temporarily disrupts the electrical activity of a small part of the brain by exposing it to a magnetic field
  • shows which areas are active
38
Q

EEG

A
  • function
  • crazy hat!
  • electrodes measure electrical activity at many different areas
  • cannot tell us exactly where active cells are
39
Q

CT Scan

A
  • structure

- high definition image of tissue and bones

40
Q

Spinal Chord

A
  • receives signals from senses, and sends them to brain
  • also carries signals from the brain to the muscles
  • directs reflexes without instructions from the brain, very fast, involuntary, do send action potentials to brain so you know about your action after it is done
  • feedback system: info about the consequences of an action go back to the source so adjustments can be made (important in a reflex)
41
Q

Brain

A
  • very complex

- processes information, allowing us to have thoughts and feelings

42
Q

Medulla

A
  • area in hindbrain (brainstem)
  • controls blood pressure, heart rate, breathing and other vital autonomic functions
  • reflexes and feedback systems important ex) if you stand up fast, hindbrain reflex activated mechanisms to increase blood pressure so you don’t faint
43
Q

Reticular Formation

A
  • arousal and attention
  • if fibers from this system are disconnected from the rest of the brain there is a permanent coma
  • ex) arouses brain from sleep when you are in pain
  • brainstem
44
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • vital role in speech by integrating vocal sounds with precise lip and younger movements, when this is interrupted -> stuttering
  • physical and cognitive ability
  • control finely coordinated movements
  • memory
45
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

-re-polarizes the membrane during refractory period

46
Q

ABD - Polarization and depolarization

A
  • alike because both involve charges ions
  • different because POLARIZED is when the inside of the cell is more negative and DEPOLARIZED is when positive ions rush into the cell
47
Q

ABD - SNS and ANS

A
  • alike because both are part of the peripheral Nervous System
  • different because SOMATIC communicates between CNS and senses and muscles and AUTONOMIC communicates between CNS and heart, lungs, and glands
48
Q

ABD - Neurons and Glial Cells

A
  • alike because both are vital parts of the Nervous System

- different because NEURONS respond and send signals and GLIAL cells are the “glue”

49
Q

ABD - Afferent and Efferent Neurons

A
  • alike because both send action potentials and both found in the spinal chord
  • different because AFFERENT sends info from sense to the CNS and EFFERENT sends info from CNS to muscles/glands
50
Q

ABD - Reflex and Voluntary Behavior

A
  • alike because both involve muscles, and you know about both after they occur
  • different because REFLEXES are directed by the spinal chord and are “involuntary” and VOLUNTARY motions are controlled by the motor cortex
51
Q

ABD - Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

A
  • alike because both are part of the autonomic, peripheral Nervous System (no control)
  • different because SYMPATHETIC is arousing and PARASYMPATHETIC is calming
52
Q

Thalamus

A
  • relays signals from most sense organs to higher levels in the brain
  • processes this information
53
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • under thalamus
  • regulates hunger, thirst, and sex drives
  • part of limbic system
    1. Moose who’s high on pot
54
Q

Pons

A
  • connects cerebrum (largest part of brain, consists of two hemispheres) with the cerebellum
  • brainstem
55
Q

Limbic System

A

-set of brain structures that regulates emotion and memory

56
Q

Amygdala

A
  • part of limbic system
  • associates features of stimuli from two different senses ex) shape and feel of an object
  • involved in fear
    1. Big dolla’
57
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • part of limbic system
  • formation of new memories
  • memory ability correlated with the size of hippocampus
    1. Hippo lost on campus
58
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • outer part of the brain
  • complex thought processes
    1. Cereal court
59
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A
  • when this area of the brain is damaged, mental organization of speech suffers
  • hard to speak and speak slowly
60
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

-damage leads to person being able to speak but they can’t understand words

61
Q

Frontal lobe

A
  • anatomical area of cerebral cortex
  • involved in reasoning, emotion, judgement, and voluntary movement
    1. Front of the line
62
Q

Occipital Lobe

A
  • anatomical area of cerebral cortex

- vision and ability to read

63
Q

Temporal Lobe

A
  • anatomical area of cerebral cortex
  • sound
    1. Tempera paint
64
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • anatomical part of cerebral cortex
  • sensory information
    1. Halloween Party
65
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • association cortex in frontal lobe near motor areas that control facial muscles
  • helps to generate articulate speech
    1. Broken doll
66
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • association cortex located in temporal lobe, near Area that receives info from ears and eyes
  • involved in the interpretation of speech and written words
67
Q

ABD - Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area

A
  • alike because both are involved in speech
  • different because BROCAS Area is involved in the formation of speech and WERNICKES Area is involved in the interpretation and ability to understand speech
68
Q

ABD - Pons and Reticular Formation

A
  • alike because both are in the brainstem

- different because PONS joins the cerebrum and the cerebellum and RETICULAR FORMATION controls attention

69
Q

ABD - Frontal Lobe and Parietal Lobe

A
  • alike because both are anatomical parts of the cerebral cortex
  • different because FRONTAL LOBE is involved in reasoning, judgement, emotion and PARIETAL is involved in sensory info
70
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • connects the right and left hemispheres and allows them to communicate with each other
    1. Corpse in the coliseum
71
Q

Split Brain Studies

A
  • studies of split-brain patients, who had their corpus callosums severed in an attempt to control epilepsy, isolating their hemispheres
  • when image of a spoon was presented to the left side of the brain they could say what it was, but not when presented to the right
  • right hemisphere has no control over spoken language, but is involved in tasks involving spatial relations and self-awareness
72
Q

Left Hemisphere

A
  • better logical and language abilities than the right
  • lateralization can vary depending on the person, gender
  • differences between them not huge
    1. Left, left…
73
Q

Right Hemisphere

A
  • better spatial, artistic, and musical abilities

- 9. Only turn right

74
Q

Plasticity

A
  • ability of the CNS to strengthen neural connections at synapses and establish new connections
  • ex) ppl learning to juggle = increase in density in cortical regions associated with processing visual info about moving objects
75
Q

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

A
  • arousal
  • activate you
  • learning
  • mood regulation
  • depression
76
Q

Glutamate

A
  • main excitatory neurotransmitter
  • plays a big role in the ability of the brain to strengthen its synaptic connections, allow messages to cross synapse more effectively
  • can “excite Neurons to death” so block glutamate receptors after brain trauma can prevent permanent brain damage
77
Q

Endorphins

A
  • pain control

- no established disorder

78
Q

Estrogen

A
  • hormone secreted by ovaries

- activates a woman’s reproductive system, uterus grows, enlarges breasts etc.

79
Q

Testosterone

A
  • testes secrete this sex hormone

- stimulate sperm maturation, increase aggression etc.

80
Q

Agonists

A

-mimic neurotransmitters and make the neuron fire ex) morphine

81
Q

Antagonists

A
  • keep a neuron from firing

- blocks neurotransmitter

82
Q

Adrenaline

A
  • hormone secreted by adrenal gland
  • affects autonomous Nervous System which controls heart rate, secretion of sweat etc.
  • fight or flight
83
Q

Insulin

A
  • hormone produced by pancreas

- signals liver, muscle and fat cells to take in extra glucose from the blood

84
Q

Angular Gyrus

A
  • number processing, reasoning, social cognition
  • where info from many senses is combined to comprehend events
  • transforms visual representation into auditory code
85
Q

Lesions

A
  • removal or destruction of part of the brain

- by removing parts, we can determine their function

86
Q

MEG

A

-allows measurement of ongoing brain activity and shows where the activity is

87
Q

SPECT

A
  • analyze function

- uses a radioactive molecule and camera to make 3-D images

88
Q

Phineas Gage

A
  • steel rod straight through his frontal lobe and survived!

- changed personality and couldn’t control his emotions

89
Q

ABD - Cerebrum and Cerebellum

A
  • alike because both are needed for survival

- different because CEREBRUM is main part of the brain, and CEREBELLUM is involved in balance, and coordination

90
Q

ABD - Hemispheres

A
  • alike because both are part of the cerebrum

- different because LEFT language and RIGHT is spatial

91
Q

ABD - Dopamine and Serotonin

A
  • alike because a wrong amount leads to disease
  • different because DOPAMINE is involved with the reward pathway and involuntary motor activity and SEROTONIN is involved with sleep, appetite
92
Q

ABD - Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

A
  • alike because both are caused by imbalances in neurotransmitters
  • different because ALZHEIMER’S causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior, and PARKINSON’S affects movement causing tremors

Psychology (14 decks)

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