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Psychology > Study Guide 11 - Memory > Flashcards

Study Guide 11 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A
  • a vivid and lasting image that is associated with an emotional event
  • ex) what were you doing on 9/11
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2
Q

Eidetic Memory

A

-photographic memory

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3
Q

Acoustic vs. Semantic Encoding

A
  • Acoustic: encoding of sound

- Semantic: encoding of meaning (BEST WAY TO REMEMBER)

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4
Q

Sensory Memory

A

-immediate, initial recording of sensory info in the memory system

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5
Q

Short Term Memory

A

-Memory that holds about 5-9 items for about 30 seconds while they are being processed for storage in long term memory

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6
Q

Iconic Memory

A
  • momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

- picture image Memory that lasts for a very short amount of time

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7
Q

Chunking

A

-technique of organizing material into familiar, meaningful units

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8
Q

Long Term Memory

A
  • relatively permanent and unlimited capacity storehouse

- explicit and implicit

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9
Q

Working Memory

A
  • temporary storage of information that is being actively processed (Rehearsal)
  • without rehearsal short term memories are difficult to remember
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10
Q

Millers Magic 7

A

-about 7 unrelated items can be stored in short term memory

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11
Q

Visual Sketchpad and Phonological Loop

A

-working memory has three interacting parts
VS: holds visual and spatial info
-PL: holds verbal info

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12
Q

Deep VS. Shallow Processing

A
  • deep = forming associations and attaching meaning

- shallow = encoding surface level info such as structure

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13
Q

Selective attention

A

-focusing on 1 specific thing

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14
Q

Automatic vs. effortful processing

A
  • automatic = encoding without effort

- effortful = requires attention and effort

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15
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

-connecting new information to something you already know

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16
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

-extending retention of information in short term memory by repetition

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17
Q

Spacing Effect

A
  • distributing Rehearsal leads to better memory
  • distributed practice = spaced out Learning periods
  • massed practice = cramming
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18
Q

Mnemonics

A
  • use vivid imagery in aiding memory
  • more likely to remember words with vivid images
  • peg word: rhyming
  • method of loci: remembering something with something else you know well
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19
Q

Implicit Memory

A

-Memory of skills that can be retrieved without conscious awareness

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20
Q

Procedural Memory

A
  • Memory of highly practiced skills

- muscle memory: making a motor task a memory through repetition so that it can be performed without conscious effort

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21
Q

Explicit Memory

A

-Memory of facts and events that can be consciously retrieved

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22
Q

Semantic vs. Episodic Memory

A
  • semantic: general knowledge about the world

- episodic: knowledge about specific things in ones own life

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23
Q

Encoding, storage, retrieval

A
  • encoding: getting info into our brains
  • storage: retaining info
  • retrieval: accessing the info later
24
Q

Echoic Memory

A
  • sensory Memory

- a brief auditory Memory

25
Q

Retrieval Cues

A

-associations are like anchors that help to retrieve memories

26
Q

Encoding Specificity

A
  • need a stimulus to help trigger a memory

- ex) going to a room and forgetting what you meant to get

27
Q

State Dependent Memory

A

-we recall info better when we are in the same state of mind as when we encoded it

28
Q

Mood Congruent Memory

A

-recall experiences that are consistent with our current memory

29
Q

Recall vs. recognition

A
  • recall: remembering info you learned earlier

- recognition: identifying something u learned earlier

30
Q

Serial Position Effect

A
  • primacy: tendency to remember things heard 1st

- recency: tendency to remember things heard last

31
Q

TOT

A

-partial recall

32
Q

Priming

A

-to retrieve a Memory from a web of associations first you have to activate one of the strands leading to it

33
Q

Déjà Vu

A

-Cues from current situation may trigger retrieval of an earlier, similar experience

34
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A

-no conscious memory of our early childhood

35
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Learning and forming new memories

- processes and stores (for a little bit) EXPLICIT MEMORIES

36
Q

Cerebellum

A

-classical conditioning and IMPLICIT MEMORIES

37
Q

Amygdala

A

-helps form emotional memories such as flashbulb memories

38
Q

Long Term Potentiation

A
  • neural connections are strengthened
  • increased sensitivity for neurotransmitters
  • neural basis for learning and remembering
39
Q

Change Blindness

A
  • a type of inattentional blindness
  • when you focus on 1 thing so you miss another stimulus change
  • ex) asking for directions video
40
Q

Top down vs. Bottom up processing

A
  • seeing the big picture first

- seeing the parts and then the big picture

41
Q

Prospective Memory

A

-the ability to remember to do something in the future

42
Q

Memory Construction and Reconstruction

A
  • our memory is not precise, we recreate them

- info. acquired after an event alters memory of event

43
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

-unconsciously incorporating misleading info into our memory of an event

44
Q

Source Amnesia

A
  • at the heart of many false memories
  • attributing something to the wrong source
  • ex) dream about an event and later be unsure if it actually happened
45
Q

Repression

A
  • pushing down a difficult memory
  • Freud
  • debated but the most common response to a traumatic event is vivid, haunting memories rather than repression
46
Q

Proactive vs. Retroactive Interference

A
  • proactive: prior learning disrupts recall of new info

- retroactive: new learning disrupts recall of old info

47
Q

Anterograde vs. Retrograde Amnesia

A
  • anterograde: can recall past but could not form new memories
  • retrograde: cannot recall past info/memories
48
Q

Encoding Failure

A
  • we cannot remember what we don’t encode/notice
  • without effort many potential memories never form
  • ex) pennies
49
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • a type of dementia

- progressive disease that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior

50
Q

Ebbinghaus Curve of Forgetting

A

-initially we forget things quickly and then it levels out

51
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A
  • mental illness
  • typically result of alcoholism
  • characterized by disorientation and a tendency to invent explanations to cover a loss of memory
52
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A
  • studies show that eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories after an event
  • experiment with film of a traffic accident and different verbs to describe accident
53
Q

Eric Kandel and the Aplysia Studies

A
  • used sea slugs to determine the biochemical basis of learning and memory
  • determined many of the chemical pathways that mediate memory formation
  • memory storage relies on modifications in the synaptic connections between neurons
54
Q

Memory Trace

A
  • a presumed encoding in brain tissue that provides a physical basis for memory
  • a hypothetical structural alteration in brain cells
55
Q

Von Restorff Novelty Effect

A

-if something stands out on a list it is more likely to be remembered

Psychology (14 decks)

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