Study Guide 12 - Personality Flashcards
ID
- Freud’ idea
- the devil that wants immediate pleasure
Ego
- Freud’s idea
- a combination of the Devil and angel
- in touch with reality and makes compromises
Superego
- freuds idea
- the angel!
- a moral guide
Iceberg Analogy
- Freud thought that the conscious mind was relatively small
- conscious: what we are aware of
- preconscious: not aware of but retrievable
- unconscious: not aware of and not retrievable
Defense Mechanisms
-ways to protect ourselves from anxiety cause by conflict between ID, ego, and superego
Repression
-purposefully forgetting a bad memory
Rationalization
-making excuses
Projection
- blaming others
- everyone has the same problems that I do
Regression
-going backward, returning to old behaviors
Denial
-not admitting to something
Reaction-formation
-feeling one way and expressing yourself in the opposite way
Displacement
-redirecting ones anger
Intellectualization
-stifling emotion with logic or reason
Sublimation
-to channel impulses
Psychosexual development
- Freud believed that identity and personality are related to our sex drive
- conflicts between sex drive and society with a resolution leading to progression through development
- disorders are evidence that an individual was never able to find a resolution and is stuck in a stage
Oral
- 0-1.5
- breast offers food and love
Anal
- 1.5-3
- potty training gives toddlers a sense of power
Phallic
- 4-5
- children are attracted to the parent of the opposite sex
Latency
- 5-puberty
- sexual feelings are suppressed
Genital
- puberty
- renewed sexual interest
Fixations
- Freud thought that unresolved internal conflicts lead to fixation in a certain stage
- ex) oral fixation = smoking
Free Association
- when Freud would ask patients to name the first thing that came to mind
- used to tap the unconscious
Dream Analysis
- Freud used this method to analyze the unconscious
- manifest = story line of dream
- latent = underlying meaning of dream
Freudian Slip
-an error in speech, memory, or behavior that is believed to be caused by unconscious mind
Penis Envy
-women were incomplete men and wanted a penis
Jung
- psychodynamic
- mythology and ancient cultures
Collective Unconscious
- Jung
- stores all of humanity’s common stories, memories, and urges
Archetypes
- Jung
- universal ideas
- ex) hero figure
Introversion/Extroversion
- Jung
- introversion: shy
- extroversion: social and outgoing
Individuation
- Jung
- we strive toward stabilizing our personality by moderating extroversion and introversion
Adler
- inferior
- future
- striving for superiority: behavior driven by efforts to overcome childhood inferiority
Style of Life
- Adler
- unique set of motives, actions, values and interests
- in order to overcome inferiority
Fictional Finalisms
- expectations that motivate people
- Adler
Inferiority Complex
- Adler
- being small and incapable as a child leads to feelings of inferiority
Birth Order
- Adler
- order you’re born in effects personality
Horney
- anxiety
- women
Basic Anxiety
- Horney
- everyone has a basic anxiety in childhood that disrupts our security
- leads to neurosis (mild mental illness)
Erikson
- social
- identity
Identity Crisis
- Erikson
- time during which people decide who they are
- a solution must be found in all 8 stages in order to form a firm identity
Bandura
-Bobo doll study
Reciprocal Determinism/Triadic Reciprocity Model
-behavior, environment, and personal factors all account and Effect personality
Self Efficacy
- important personal factor
- beliefs about your own abilities
- performance standard
Observational Learning
-learn behaviors by observing and imitating others
Rotter
- personality is a stable set of responses to situations
- learning creates expectations
Locus of control
- internal: WE control our success and failures
- external: what happens to us is decided by fate
Learned Helplessness
-when you aren’t able to avoid bad events you become passive and give up
Mischel and person-situation theory
- everyone had unique beliefs, feelings, and expectations (cognitive variables)
- to predict behavior know cognitive variables and situation
Allport
-traits combine into 1 personality
Cardinal traits
- allport
- 1 defining trait
Primary Traits
- allport
- major characteristics
Secondary Traits
- allport
- representation of attitudes
- ex) nervous to give a talk, but not a defining trait
Catell
- certain clusters of traits represent a basic part of personality
- 16 basic source Traits (fundamental)
Eysenck
-3 different source Traits based on biology
3 Personality Dimensions
- Eysenck
- introversion to extroversion
- neuroticism to emotionally stable
- psychotisism
5 Factor Model (OCEAN)
- openness (creativity)
- conscientiousness (organized)
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism (anxious, tense, worried)
Type A vs. Type B
-type A high strung, anxious while type B is more relaxed
Libido
-Freud’s idea of the sexual energy that drives us
Personal Interviews
- structured with set questions
- unstructured which is basically a normal convo
Observation
- looking at someone’s behaviors
- doesn’t rely on self-report but is expensive
Objective Tests
- given and scored according to standard procedures
- relies on self report
- ex) 16 PFQ
Projective Tests
- ambiguous stimuli draw out an unlimited number of responses that reveal something about the unconscious
- ex) ink blot
Reliability vs. Validity
- R: does it produce consistent scores
- V: does it test what it is supposed to
Actualizing Tendency
- Rogers
- humans are inclined toward growth and fulfillment
Fully Functioning Person
- Rogers
- exploring, match between real and idealized self, in touch with feelings and abilities, trust instincts
Self Concept
- our feelings and thoughts about ourselves
- real vs. ideal selves
Positive Regard
- warmth and love from a significant other
- conditional: love dependent on acting a certain way
- unconditional: full acceptance regardless
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
- hierarchy of motives
- distracted from self actualization because focused on lower level needs
Womb Envy
- horney
- reaction against penis envy
- men jealous of women’s nurturing abilities
Humanistic
- people are inherently good
- have free will and are responsible for their lives
- can grow psychologically
Person Variables
- Mischel
- unique and used to predict behavior
- competencies: smarts/social skills
- perceptions: ppl perceive events differently
- expectations: expected results of different behavior
- subject values: value of each possible outcome
- self regulation and plan: rules ppl use to regulate their behavior
Object relations
- part of psychodynamic
- studies how important relationships affect psychological health
