Study Guide 14 - Social Flashcards
Social categorization
- classifying people based on common traits
- classifying someone as poor based on their clothing
Implicit Personality theory
- beliefs about the relationship among a certain type of person and their traits/behavior
- stereotypes
Attribution theory
-how we explain behaviors
-situational (external)
OR
-dispositional (internal factors)
Fundamental attribution error
-we think other act as certain way because of their character traits and ignore the situation
Self Fulfilling prophecy
-expectations about someone can lead to those expectations being fulfilled
Self serving bias
- we take credit for our success by attributing then to our traits
- and say failures are due to the situation
Self effacing bias
- modesty bias
- blaming failures on US
- and success are due to be situation
Actor observer bias
- OUR behavior = situational
- OTHERS behavior = dispositional
Conformity
-when we adjust our ideas/behaviors to meet a group standard
Informational Social Influence
- when situation had no clear right/wrong answer
- confirm to others behavior because we think it must be correct
Normative Social Influence
- situation has a clear right or wrong answer
- give into social pressure to be accepted
Asch’s Line Experiment
- group of fake participants, purposefully gave a wrong answer
- examined what last participant did
- last participant confirmed to incorrect answers about 1/3 of the time, even through they knew it was wrong
- example of normative social influence
Influences on Conformity
-pressure to conform is highest when: Group is unanimous Behavior is public Group is large Group is attractive
Just World hypothesis
- world is fair and people get what they deserve
- good things happen I good people
Blaming the Victim
- tendency to blame an innocent victim for causing a problem or not preventing it
- caused by just world hypothesis
3 components of attitude
- “A” affective = emotion
- “B” behavior
- “C” cognitive
Elaboration Likelihood Model
- changing an attitude
- central route: good explanation, processing info, attitude changes depending on quality of argument
- peripheral route: bad explanation, low processing, attitude change depends on how they persuade
Cognitive Dissonance
- tension when behavior conflicts with attitude
- either change views or behavior
Social Loafing
- ppl use less energy on group tasks
- individualist cultures
Social Striving
- work harder when in a group
- collectivist cultures
Social Facilitation
- presence of others makes individual performance better
- easy tasks
Social Interference
- presence of others hinders performance
- complex tasks
De-individuation
- in a group ppl lose themselves and do irresponsible behaviors
- arousal increases
- diffusion of responsibility
Group Polarization
-like minded people in a group creates extreme ideas
Groupthink
- individuals hide their beliefs in a group to keep the peace
- some groups then make bad decisions
Cultural Orientations
- individualism
- collectivism
- conformity higher in collectivist
Obedience
-obeying command because of perceived authority
Milgram Obedience Study
- blind obedience
- teachers gave shocks
- most teachers finished the study!
Norm of reciprocity
-comply because feel obliged to return a favor
Foot in the door
- get someone to comply by having them first agree to a small request
- then agree to a bigger request
Door in the face
- comply by starting with a large request know will be rejected
- then ask for more moderate request
That’s not all
- ask for something big but offer a discount or bonus so the offer looks less extreme
- compliance
Lowballing
-get ppl to comply by having them commit to 1 action and then up cost of behavior
Altruism
-helping others with no expectation of benefitting from it
Feel good-do good
-if u feel good u are more likely to help others
Factors that increase Pro-social behavior
- feel good do good
- used to decrease feelings of guilt
- innocent victim
- see others helping
- obvious what to do
- social connection to the person in trouble
Bystander Effect
- larger group makes it less likely for individuals to help
- decrease pro-social behavior
Diffusion of Responsibility
- presence of others makes the responsibility shared
- individuals take less initiative
Instinct approach
-aggression is a biological drive
Biological influences on Aggression
- genetics, hormones
- lack of serotonin (happiness and impulse control)
- excess of testosterone
Behavioral Influences on Aggression
- learn by observing others
- peers reinforce
Social cultural influences on Aggression
- social stressors like poverty inc Aggression
- alcohol and drugs
- hot weather
- group atmosphere
Cognitive influences on Aggression
- frustration is a negative emotional trigger
- leads to anger and then Aggression!
In-group Bias
-members of your group are better than other groups
Our group homogeneity effect
- ppl in other groups are different from the group you are in
- they are alike but we are unique
Stereotypes
-characteristics associated with all members of a specific social group
Prejudice
- an attitude
- unfair, unfavorable view of a group of people
- based on idea that other social groups are very different from your own
Discrimination
- a behavior
- unfair act directed against a group
Scapegoat Theory
- targeting anger at a group one dislikes
- ex) Holocaust
Physical Attractiveness
- # 1 predictor of relationships
- ppl associate good qualities with beauty
Proximity and mere exposure effect
- proximity: tend to develop relationships with those who you live close to
- mere exposure effect: like people we see often
- # 2 predictor
Similarity
- like people we think are similar to ourselves
- #3 predictor
Social exchange theory
-consider costs and benefits of a relationship and choose those with most rewards
Equity Theory
- people are most comfortable in a balanced relationship
- each partner benefits and contributes equally
Reciprocity
-like those who like us!
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love
-love has intimacy, passion, and commitment
