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Psychology > Study Guide 5 - Sensation And Perception > Flashcards

Study Guide 5 - Sensation And Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

-detect stimuli from the environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

-interpret sensations

Ex) interpreting light as bright

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3
Q

Transduction

A

-receptors convert stimuli into signals through action potentials and neurotransmitters

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4
Q

Thalamus

A

-processes and relays sensory signals

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5
Q

Psychophysics

A

-study of relationship between physical stimuli and our psychological experience with them

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6
Q

Bottom-Up Processing

A

-looking at somethings parts and then perceiving it as a whole image

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7
Q

Top-down Processing

A
  • seeing the big picture first

- draws on our experience and expectations

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8
Q

Parallel Processing

A
  • understanding based on simultaneous operation of different parts of the brain
  • ex) Processing the color, form and motion of a picture
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9
Q

Selective Attention

A
  • ability to focus on only 1 thing

- ex) distracted driving: difficult and dangerous to drive while doing other things such as eating, texting etc.

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10
Q

Cocktail Party Phenomenon

A

-when you hear you name from across the room and begin listening to that conversation

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11
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A
  • when you focus on 1 thing and miss something else

- ex) moonwalking bear video

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12
Q

Change blindness

A
  • a type of inattentional blindness
  • when you focus on 1 thing so you miss another stimulus change
  • ex) asking for directions video
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13
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A
  • predicts how and when someone detects the presence of a stimuli
  • depends on experience, expectations, fatigue
  • hit or miss grid: stimulus present/absent & respond absent/present
  • ex) walking down and street and hearing someone walking behind you
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14
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

-minimum stimulation to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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15
Q

Difference/JND Threshold

A

-minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time

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16
Q

Subliminal Threshold

A

-when stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold so you are not aware of them

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17
Q

Weber’s Law

A
  • 2 stimuli must differ by a constant minimum % rather than an amount to be perceived as different
  • ex) for one weight to be perceived as heavier it must weigh 2% more
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18
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A
  • decreased sensitivity to a stimuli because it is constant

- ex) don’t feel our clothes on our bodies

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19
Q

Wavelength/Hue

A
  • the wavelength determines the hue (name of color) we see

- short = blue long = red

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20
Q

Intensity

A
  • brightness of color
  • amplitude of the light wave
  • big amplitude = bright small = dull
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21
Q

Visual Capture

A

-the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

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22
Q

Visual Accommodation

A
  • changing the light rays curvature on the retina

- the eye adjusting and focusing, producing a sharp image

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23
Q

Cornea

A

-transparent tissue where light enters the eye

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24
Q

Iris

A

-muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light

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25
Q

Lens

A

-focuses the light rays on the retina

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26
Q

Retina

A
  • contains the rods and cones that process visual information and send it to the brain
  • where transduction occurs
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27
Q

Fovea

A
  • part of the eye with the most focus and clearest vision
  • where cones cluster in the center of the retina
  • damage leads to inability to see detail or color
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28
Q

Rods/Cones

A
  • sensory receptor cells
  • rods: black and white vision, why night is colorless (1 type)
  • cones: function in light, detect color and detail (3 types)
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29
Q

Bipolar Cells

A

-neurons that connect rods and cones to the ganglion cells

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30
Q

Ganglion Cells

A
  • neurons that connect to the bipolar Cells

- their axons form the optic nerve

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31
Q

Optic Nerve

A

-carry neural impulses from each eye to the visual cortex of the brain

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32
Q

Blind spot

A

-the optic disk, where the optic nerve leaves the eye and there are no rods or cones

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33
Q

Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

A
  • we have color visions because each type of cone responds best to either red, blue, or green wavelengths
  • other colors are combinations of those three
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34
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

-to account for complementary afterimages it was proposed that we have three sets of color opponent Cells:
Red-green
Blue-yellow
Black-white
-afterimages: if we view colored stimuli for a long time we see an afterimage in a complementary color

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35
Q

Color Blindness

A
  • sex-linked trait on X chromosome
  • mostly in males
  • Dichromatic (lacking red/green cones is most common)
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36
Q

Pop-out Phenomenon

A

-when a unique visual target can be quickly seen among a set of similar looking targets

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37
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • nerve cells in the retina that code light energy into neural activity
  • rods and cones
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38
Q

Photopigments

A
  • in photoreceptors
  • chemicals that respond to light
  • when light stricken they break apart, changing the membrane potential of the photoreceptor cell -> signal that goes to the brain
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39
Q

Light/Dark Adaptation

A
  • dark Adaptation is the increased ability to see in the dark as time passes
  • photoreceptors build up more photopigments, takes time
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40
Q

Visual Acuity

A
  • visual clarity greatest in fovea

- variations in the density of cones accounts for differences in visual acuity

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41
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A
  • process in which lateral connections allow one photoreceptor to inhibit its neighbor, enhancing the visual contrast
  • receptor that receives more light inhibits one that receives less, brain gets the impression that that Area is even darker
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42
Q

Feature Detectors

A

-specialized neurons in visual cortex that respond to specific stimuli
Ex) lines and dots

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43
Q

Motion Detectors

A

-neurons the detect motion

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44
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A
  • optic nerve connects to a region of the thalamus called the lateral geniculate nucleus
  • neurons in the LGN send visual info to this cortex in the occipital lobe
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45
Q

Frequency

A
  • number of complete cycles during each second
  • measures in hertz
  • longer wavelength = lower frequency
  • pitch! High frequency = high pitch
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46
Q

Loudness

A
  • determined by amplitude of sound wave
  • greater amp = louder
  • decibels
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47
Q

Outer Ear

A
  • sound waves collected

- begins with pinna -> ear canal

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48
Q

Eardrum

A
  • at the end of the ear canal

- sound waves -> matching vibrations in the eardrum

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49
Q

Three bones

A
  • vibrations in eardrum are passed onto the MALLEUS(hammer) -> INCUS(anvil) -> STAPES(stirrup)
  • bones amplify changes in pressure produced by sound waves by focusing vibrations onto smaller OVAL WINDOW
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50
Q

Cochlea

A
  • after sound vibrations pass through oval window they enter cochlea
  • fluid filled spiral in which transduction occurs!
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51
Q

Basilar Membrane

A
  • forms the floor of the tube in the cochlea

- when a sound wave passes through tube, it moves basilar membrane -> bends hair cells of ORGAN OF CORTI

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52
Q

Auditory Nerve

A
  • hair cells connect to this nerve, which is a bundle of axons that go to the brain
  • when hair cells bend they stimulate neurons in auditory Nerve to fire sending brain a message about the sound
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53
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

-when three bones of middle ear fuse so vibrations can’t be reproduced

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54
Q

Cochlear Implants

A

-an artificial cochlea that can stimulate the auditory nerve

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55
Q

Auditory Cortex

A
  • auditory nerve conveys info -> brainstem -> thalamus -> auditory cortex
  • in temporal lobe
  • where sound is subjected to analysis
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56
Q

Place Theory

A

-hair Cells at a particular place on basilar membrane respond most to a certain frequency of sound

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57
Q

Frequency Theory

A
  • place Theory does not account for coding of very low frequencies
  • firing rate of neuron in auditory nerve can match frequency of a sound wave
58
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A
  • brain structure that receives messages about smell instead of thalamus
  • axons from neurons in nose extend into brain and synapse with this bulb
59
Q

Pheromones

A
  • dogs/snakes
  • chemicals that are released by an animal and shape another animals behavior
  • role in humans not clear
60
Q

Synesthesia

A

-an unusual mixing of senses
Ex) feel colors, sense certain colors when they hear sounds
-occurs partly because brain areas the process color near those that process letters/#s and connections extensive
-combined activation of brain regions that process dif types of sensory info

61
Q

Papillae

A

-contain groups of taste buds (receptors within buds)

62
Q

5 basic tastes

A
  • sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami

- each taste bud responds best to only 1/2 categories

63
Q

Supertaster

A
  • 25% of the population
  • especially large number of papillae
  • more sensitive to bitterness
64
Q

Flavor

A
  • smell and taste and temperature interact
  • most of the properties that make food taste good are actually smells
  • in flavor Cortex neurons also respond to sight, texture, fullness
  • variations in nutritional state can affect taste and flavor of food
  • spicy foods actually stimulate pain receptors
65
Q

Kinesthesis

A
  • somatic sense
  • tells the brain where the parts of the body are
  • depend on to guide movements and improve motor skills
  • info comes from joints and muscles
66
Q

Vestibular Sense

A
  • tells the brain about the position and movements of the head (sense of balance)
  • semicircular canals: fluid filled tubes in the inner ear with hairs that extend into the fluid, when your head moves so does the fluid, stimulating the hairs -> activates neurons, signaling about head movement
  • has connects to cerebellum, ANS (nausea) and Eyes (eyes fixed on a point even when head is moving)
67
Q

Temperature “Hot”

A
  • some of the skins sensory neurons respond to changes in temp
  • warm fibers: inc firing rates 95-115
  • cold fibers: respond to cool temps
  • many of the fibers that respond to temp also respond to touch ex) warm and cold objects feel heavier
  • receptors for cold and warm firing at same time, warning
68
Q

How do we experience pain?

A

-pain is increased intensity of a stimulation
-pain provides info and has emotional content
-receptors are free nerve endings
-painful stimuli -> chemical released that fit into pain receptors -> fire
-nerve fibers carry pain signals to spinal chord -> thalamus -> other parts of brain (cerebral cortex)
-different nerve fibers for sharp and dull pain
and activate dif brain regions
-dif pain neurons activated by dif degrees of pain

69
Q

Gate-control Theory of pain

A
  • “gate” in the spinal chord that stops pain impulses from traveling to the beau
  • input from other skin senses can take over the pathways that the pain impulses would have used
  • messages from the brain can block incoming pain signals
70
Q

Endorphins/Substance P

A
  • endorphins are the brains natural opiates
  • act as neurotransmitters where they block synapses of pain-carrying fibers
  • substance P allows us to feel pain
71
Q

Pain - BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL

A
  • biological: nerve fibers carry pain signals to the brain
  • psychological: pain carries information and emotion - pathways carry emotion component to hindbrain and reticular formation, depends on how we think about them
  • social: presence of others, empathy, cultural expectations
72
Q

Priming

A
  • unconscious activation of perception or memory

- good news before bad news

73
Q

Sound Localization Theory

A
  • sound reaches the ear quickly when it is coming from the side and you can tell where it is coming from
  • harder to locate sound when coming from the top or bottom
74
Q

Basic Skin Receptor Types

A

-pressure
-warmth
-cold
-pain
All touch sensation are a mix of these

75
Q

Nasal Cilia

A

-small hairs that keep airways clean by removing mucus

76
Q

Perceptual set

A
  • influence of prior assumptions on your perceptions

- ex) clouds or UFOs picture

77
Q

Gestalt

A
  • according to his theory when we look at something we organize it into a shape rather than seeing it as a bunch of smaller shapes
  • while greater than parts
78
Q

Figure Ground Gestalt Principle

A
  • figure in the front that pops out and background

- can see both parts but NOT at the same time

79
Q

Proximity

A

-group things that are close together

80
Q

Similarity

A

-group things that look alike

81
Q

Continuity

A
  • lines are seen as following the smoothest path

- flowing smoothly without breaking lines up

82
Q

Connectedness

A

-we organize as 1 unit those parts that appear connected

83
Q

Closure

A

-brain “finishes” images

84
Q

Monocular Cues Shadow and Light

A
  • objects cast a shadow

- object covered by a shadow is perceived to be further away than the object in the light

85
Q

Monocular Cues Linear Perspective

A

-2 parallel lines seem to come together in horizon

86
Q

Monocular Cues Interposition

A

-an object that partly blocks another object is perceived as being closer

87
Q

Monocular Cues

A

-if two objects are about the same size then the object that looks the largest will be judged as closer

88
Q

Binocular Cues

A

-need two eyes for depth perception

89
Q

Monocular Cues

A

-depth Cues detected with 1 eye

90
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

-each eye perceives an object in a slightly different location

91
Q

Retinal Convergence

A
  • how much your eyes must rotate to see an object

- closer an object gets the more your eyes must rotate

92
Q

Visual Cliff

A
  • device for testing depth perception in infants (ability to judge distance)
  • in experiments, it was found that depth perception is partly innate
  • deep end covered in glass, babies wouldn’t crawl over
93
Q

Stroboscopic Motion

A
  • illusion in which we see motion from a series of still images
  • ex) flip book
94
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A
  • POMS!

- looks like continuous motion based on location

95
Q

Motion Parallax

A

-Phenomenon in which near objects seem to move faster

96
Q

Priming

A
  • unconscious activation of perception or memory

- good news before bad news

97
Q

Sound Localization Theory

A
  • sound reaches the ear quickly when it is coming from the side and you can tell where it is coming from
  • harder to locate sound when coming from the top or bottom
98
Q

Basic Skin Receptor Types

A

-pressure
-warmth
-cold
-pain
All touch sensation are a mix of these

99
Q

Nasal Cilia

A

-small hairs that keep airways clean by removing mucus

100
Q

Perceptual set

A
  • influence of prior assumptions on your perceptions

- ex) clouds or UFOs picture

101
Q

Gestalt

A
  • according to his theory when we look at something we organize it into a shape rather than seeing it as a bunch of smaller shapes
  • while greater than parts
102
Q

Figure Ground Gestalt Principle

A
  • figure in the front that pops out and background

- can see both parts but NOT at the same time

103
Q

Proximity

A

-group things that are close together

104
Q

Similarity

A

-group things that look alike

105
Q

Continuity

A
  • lines are seen as following the smoothest path

- flowing smoothly without breaking lines up

106
Q

Connectedness

A

-we organize as 1 unit those parts that appear connected

107
Q

Closure

A

-brain “finishes” images

108
Q

Monocular Cues Shadow and Light

A
  • objects cast a shadow
  • object covered by a shadow is perceived to be further away than the object in the light
  • dimmer is farther away
109
Q

Monocular Cues Linear Perspective

A

-2 parallel lines seem to come together in horizon

110
Q

Monocular Cues Interposition

A

-an object that partly blocks another object is perceived as being closer

111
Q

Monocular Cues Relative size

A

-if two objects are about the same size then the object that looks the largest will be judged as closer

112
Q

Binocular Cues

A

-need two eyes for depth perception

113
Q

Monocular Cues

A

-depth Cues detected with 1 eye

114
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

-each eye perceives an object in a slightly different location

115
Q

Retinal Convergence

A
  • how much your eyes must rotate to see an object

- closer an object gets the more your eyes must rotate

116
Q

Visual Cliff

A
  • device for testing depth perception in infants (ability to judge distance)
  • in experiments, it was found that depth perception is partly innate
  • deep end covered in glass, babies wouldn’t crawl over
117
Q

Stroboscopic Motion

A
  • illusion in which we see motion from a series of still images
  • ex) flip book
118
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A
  • POMS!

- looks like continuous motion based on location

119
Q

Motion Parallax

A

-Phenomenon in which near objects seem to move faster

120
Q

Sensorimotor Hearing Loss

A

-damage to cochlea/hair cells

121
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

-retinal image changes even if object remains the same

122
Q

Shape Constancy

A

-an objects shape remains constant

123
Q

Size Constancy

A
  • objects size stays the same even if it looks dif

- ex) person walking away

124
Q

ESP/Parapsychology

A
  • not able to replicate
  • perception without sensation
  • parapsychology: Study of abnormal phenomenon
125
Q

Precognition

A

-perceive future events

126
Q

Clairvoyance

A
  • perceive remote events aka events that are going on at the same time as the present
  • ex) sensing a friend’s house is on fire
127
Q

Telepathy

A

-mind to mind communication

128
Q

Necker Cube

A
  • an illusion

- blue and yellow parts of the box and unclear which is the front and which is the back

129
Q

Monocular Cues Relative Height

A

-we perceive objects that are high in our visual field as farther away

130
Q

Monocular Cues Relative motion

A
  • objects beyond fixation point appear to move with you

- objects in front of the fixation point appear to move backward

131
Q

Color Constancy

A

-perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination alters wavelengths reflected by the object

132
Q

Ames Room

A
  • demonstrate the size distance illusion
  • both girls in the room are of similar height but we perceive them as different heights because they’re standing in two corners of the room
  • looks like they’re standing in the same location
133
Q

Moon Illusion

A
  • “horizon moon” appear larger than the moon in the night sky
  • moon in the sky surrounded by lots of empty space making it look smaller
134
Q

Context Effects and Perception

A
  • context Cues can change our perception of size
  • ex) horizon moon
  • perceived size of an object depends on size of nearby objects
135
Q

Prosopagnosia

A
  • cannot consciously recognize faces

- when see a familiar face there are changes in brain/ANS activity but unavailable to conscious experience

136
Q

Scheme and Culture

A
  • schema is a mental representation of what we know and expect about the world
  • can bias our perception
  • generalizations based on experience which is influenced by our culture
137
Q

Perceptual Adaptation

A
  • ability to adjust to an altered perceptual reality

- in vision ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field

138
Q

Blindness/Regaining Sight

A
  • surgeries can give people sight again
  • but much of vision is learned
  • how much the brain adapts after surgery depends on the circumstances
139
Q

Hyperopia V. Myopia

A
  • hyperopia = farsighted, light focuses behind retina, hard to see things close by
  • myopia = nearsighted, light focuses in front of retina, hard to see things far away
140
Q

Path Sound Waves Take

A

-pinna, canal, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval, cochlea, semicircular canals, basilar membrane, hair cells, nerve, thalamus, auditory cortex

141
Q

Path Light Waves Take

A

-cornea, iris, pupil, lens, fovea, retina, rods/cones, bipolar, ganglion, optic nerve, thalamus, visual cortex

Psychology (14 decks)

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