Study Guide 4 - States Of Consciousness Flashcards
Conscious
- awareness of yourself and surroundings
- selective and unique and changing
- made of mental processes, thoughts, feelings
Preconscious
- part of your non-conscious
- memories/stored knowledge
Unconscious
- part of non-conscious
- mental activities that are involuntarily kept OUT of our conscious mind
- ex) sexual/aggressive, Freudian iceberg metaphor - potentially dangerous, disorders
- can act as protect or barrier to growth
Non-conscious
-mental processes that you are NOT aware of
Circadian Rhythm
- sleep and wake cycle (biological rhythm) that’s controlled by the SCN
- ex) peak degree of sleepiness at 3 am&pm
Jet Lag
- sleep pattern difficulties, conflict btwn internal clock and new time zone
- easier to stay up late than go to bed earlier
Shift Work
- work schedules conflicts with body’s natural circadian rhythm, difficulty adjusting
- disorder identified by pattern of sleep interruption -> insomnia, and sleepiness
SAD
- depressed during fall and winter
- decreased energy
- treated with light therapy, or medication
Non-24
- occurs in people who are totally blind
- for ppl with sight enviro. light cues signal the brain to reset the body’s clock to 24 hours
- for blind ppl everyday their body’s natural clock falls a little more behind until their body operates like night is day and vice versa
SCN
- neurons in hypothalamus that govern timing of circadian rhythms
- controls production of melatonin
Melatonin
- hormone released by the pineal gland
- sleep!
- bright light decreases its production
- teens secrete later in the evening
Restorative Sleep Theory
- we sleep in order to replenish essential bodily processes
- sleep essential to normal functioning
Evolutionary Sleep Therapy (Adaptive Non responding Theory)
- Sleep has developed evolutionarily (safest for us to sleep at night when vision is bad)
- each generation sleeps less
Memory Restoration Theory
- R.E.M. sleep is time for the brain to organize and consolidate memories
- neural connections made and brain gets rid of unnecessary information
Stage 1
- brief transition when first falling asleep
- alpha (awake and drowsy) and theta waves = low amp high frequency
Stage 2
- fully asleep but brief bursts of rapid brain activity (Sleep Spindles-lots of waves very close together & K-complexes-1 very high wave)
- theta and beginning of delta waves
Stage 3
- deepest sleep
- heart rate, breathing, and muscle tension all decrease
- delta waves: low freq. high amp. slow
- normally dreamless
Stage 4
- VERY deep sleep
- mostly delta waves
- heart rate, breathing and muscle tension decrease
- normally dreamless
R.E.M. Sleep
- rapid eye movement, rest of body relaxed but intense brain activity
- high freq. low amp.
- when dreams and R.E.M. paralysis occur
- as night goes on, more time is spent in R.E.M. sleep
Insomnia
- a dyssomnia sleep disorder
- difficulty falling or staying asleep, or doesn’t feel rested
- triggered by stress or anxiety
Night Terrors
- intense fear and hallucinations
- no memory of them, during stages 3/4
- bad to wake them up
- parasomnia
Sleep Apnea
- stop breathing during sleep
- genetic
- heavy snoring/shallow, heavy breathing
- high blood pressure
- CPAP treatment, applies pressure to keep airways open
- dyssomnias
Narcolepsy
- dyssomnia
- lapse into R.E.M. sleep all of a sudden
- 70% of patients also experience cataplexy, sudden loss of muscle control
- possibly caused by abnormalities in hypocretins (neurotransmitters that keep us awake)
Sleep Walking
- walking during stage 3/4
- most common in kids
- parasomnia
Biological Rhythm
- any rhythmic change that continues at about a 24 hour cycle
- ex) body temp, sleep and wakefulness
- absence of time cues cycle will become 25 hours
Pituitary Growth Hormone Release Theory
- need sleep for growth and development
- during deep sleep, the pituitary gland releases most of the growth hormones we are exposed to
R.E.M. Rebound
-tendency for R.E.M. Sleep to increase after sleep deprivation
Psychoanalytic Dream Theory
- dreams are the fulfillment of erotic wishes
- MANIFEST content: the storyline of the dream, remember
- LATENT content: the underlying meaning of the dream that need to be interpreted
Biological Dream Theory
- circuits in the brain are activated during R.E.M. -> help to activate limbic system
- all this activity is interpreted by the brain and signals are given meaning
- physiological theory
Cognitive Dream Theory
- dreams sort out and understand memories of that day
- our brain remodels the “world inside”
- R.E.M. sleep does increase after stressful events
- lucid dreaming: you are aware that you are dreaming, possible to control these dreams
Hypnosis: Divided Consciousness Theory
-hypnosis IS an altered state of consciousness
Hypnosis: Social Role Theory
- hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness
- social phenomenon when ppl want to believe
- different ppl have various states of hypnotic suggestibility
Tolerance
-need more of a drug to get the same effect
Withdrawal
- physical and psychological effects experienced after stopping drug use
- ex) fever, agitation, delirium
Addiction
- physical: biological state in which drug use is needed to prevent withdrawal symptoms
- psychological: a person continues using a drug b/c they need it to feel good, and is worried about getting the drug
Depressants
- slows down your CNS by inhibiting GABA
- slow reaction time and interfere with judgement
- ex) alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, opioids
Stimulants
- arouse sympathetic NS by increasing norepinephrine
- feel more confident or energetic
- ex) amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, nicotine, caffeine
Hallucinogens
- change your perception of reality
- traces stay in the body after they are taken, so you need less to get the same effect
- serotonin agonist
- ex) LSD, weed
Twilight Sleep
- not asleep yet but transitioning
- hypnagogic hallucinations: vivid sensory hallucinations during onset of sleep ex) feel like falling
Deep Sleep
-stage 3&4
ABD - Nightmare and night terror
- alike because both are scary
- different because NIGHTMARES are remembered and during R.E.M. but NIGHT TERRORS are not remembered and during stage 3/4
ABD - Stimulant and Depressant
- alike because both are types of drugs that alter someone’s state
- different because STIMULANTS arouse, and DEPRESSANTS relax
ABD - Opioid and Hallucinogen
- alike because both are powerful drugs and mimic neurotransmitters
- different because OPIOIDS are powerful pain killers and HALLUCINOGENS change your perception of reality
ABD - Tolerance and Withdrawal
- alike because both are effects of drug use
- different because TOLERANCE is when your body “gets used” to a drug and WITHDRAWAL is symptoms after stopping drug use
ABD - Latent and Manifest Content
- alike because both are part of the psychoanalytic theory
- different because MANIFEST is the story, and LATENT is the underlying meaning
ABD - Biological Theory & Psychoanalytic Theory
- alike because both find hidden meaning
- different because PA says dreams are the fulfillment of erotic wishes and B says dreams are the result of brain activity
ABD - Social Role and Divided Consciousness Hypnosis Theory
- alike because both are debated
- different because DC says hypnosis is an altered state, SI says it is not
