Study Guide 10 - Thinking And Language Flashcards
Mental image
-visualization in ones head
Concept
-mental representation of a group that shares a similar trait
Natural concept
- a concept formed be our experiences
- ex) family
Artificial concept
- a concept formed by logical rules
- ex) square
Prototype
- object or event that best represents a natural object
- we associate best when a natural object matches our prototype
Insight
- sudden realization of a solution
- ah-ha moment
- kholer and his chimps
Algorithm
- step by step way to solve a problem
- guarantees a correct answer by going the “long way”
Heuristics
- short cuts people use while thinking
- making judgements quickly but may lead to biases
Availability Heuristic
- people base judgements on the ease with which they remember something
- ex) think driving is more dangerous because recently witnessed a car crash
Anchoring Heuristic
- decisions are more based on an initial anchor
- ex) after writing down their social security number people will anchor their guess of the number of doctors in NYC to that number
Representativeness Heuristic
- people classify something based on how similar it it to their prototype
- ex) if a president walks with confidence people will believe he is good at his job
Functional Fixedness
-thinking of an object as only working in its normal way
Mental Set
- persistence in using strategies that worked in the past
- sometimes can be an obstacle to problem solving
Confirmation Bias
-trying to confirm what we know rather than disprove it
Overconfidence Effect
-we underestimate the extent to which our beliefs are wrong
Belief Perseverance
-belief remains intact even with contrary evidence
Incubation
-stop working on a problem and just let it simmer
Framing Effect
- the way a problem is posed can impact decision making
- ex) 90% survival rate VS. 10% death rate
Intuition
- ones immediate judgement
- picking something up
Convergent VS. Divergent Thinking
- convergent: narrowing many options to one
- divergent: coming up with new ideas
Phonemes
- smallest unit of speech
- a sound
- 7 in the word blanket
Morphemes
- smallest meaningful unit of language
- retested has three = re-again test ed-past
Grammar
-rules specifying how many phonemes, morphemes, words and phrases should be combined to express thoughts
Semantics
- system of using words to create meaning
- surface vs. deep structure
Syntax
- rules for word order
- ex) White House VS. Casa Blanca
Surface Structure
- the precise string of words and exact meaning
- order of words
Deep Structure
- underlying meaning
- what is the intent of the words
One word Stage (Holographic)
- around 1
- speaks one word at a time
- family can understand
Two word (Telegraphic)
- before 2 years old
- child starts to speak in two word sentences
Overgeneralization of Grammar
- using rules of grammar incorrectly
- usually before the age of 7
- ex) It was the most bestest fun
Chomsky (Biological)
- language is an inborn capacity and develops by maturation
- LAD: children have a built in system to aid in learning language
- critical period: u must learn language before age 7
- hard to learn a new language later in life
- universal grammar: all languages share some basic elements
- statistical learning of language: babies brains discern word breaks and know which syllables most often go together
Skinner/Behavioral
- language develops through rewards, punishments, imitation, and Reinforcement
- operant: making sounds reinforced with smiles
Whorf (Social-Cultural)
- language determines how you think (linguistic determinism)
- the more words we have to represent something the more we have to think about it and the more important it is to our culture
Animal Communication
- animals can communicate with each other
- dolphins and parrots can acquire some language
- still controversial whether humans are unique in ability to communicate
- many studies in which chimps learned some language, not necessarily true language or equivalent to human language (Kanzi, Washoe)
- criticism: imitation and observation rather than true Learning of syntax
Different hierarchies of concepts
- super ordinate: vehicle
- basic level: car and trucks
- subordinate level: sedans, convertibles, pickups etc.
Metacognition
-thinking about how you think of solve problems
ABD - formal (deductive) and informal (inductive) reasoning
- both in problem solving and scientific method
- different because INDUCTIVE is from specific to general and DEDUCTIVE is from general to specific
ABD - mental set and functional fixedness
- alike because both are fixation (can’t look at a problem from a fresh perspective)
- different because MENTAL SET is using the same problem solving procedure and FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS is only seeing an object as capable of its original function
ABD - availability and representative heuristic
- alike because both are “short cut” ways to think
- different because REPRESENTATIVE is judging a situation based on how well they match a stereotype while AVAILABILITY is estimating the probability of certain events based on how easily they come to mind
ABD - belief bias and belief perseverance
- alike because both are obstacles to logical thinking
- different because BELIEF BIAS is when preexisting beliefs distort logical reasoning and BELIEF PERSEVERANCE is holding onto a belief after it has been discredited
ABD - convergent and divergent thinking
- alike because high are important to creativity
- different because CONVERGENT is finding one solution while DIVERGENT produces many answers
ABD - phonemes and morphemes
- alike because both are structures of language
- different because PHONEMES are the basic sound units while MORPHEMES are the smallest meaningful units of speech
ABD - semantics and syntax
- alike because both are parts of grammar
- different because SEMANTICS are the rules that enable us to derive meaning from language while SYNTAX are the rules for the order of words
Pragmatics
- how context contributes to meaning
- what is implied or not explicitly said
Artificial Intelligence
- computer or machine intelligence
- can fail, works best in situations with set rules and lots of data
- things are fuzzy or not clear, computers don’t work well
Working backwards
-problem solving by starting at the end and working towards the beginning
Means end analysis
-envisioning the end and then determining the best strategy for reaching that goal from current situation
Cognitive map
-mental representation of physical locations
Cognitive reserve
- resilience to neurological damage
- how the brain uses its damaged resources
Mental Model
-psychological representation of a situation
