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Psychology > Study Guide 10 - Thinking And Language > Flashcards

Study Guide 10 - Thinking And Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Mental image

A

-visualization in ones head

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2
Q

Concept

A

-mental representation of a group that shares a similar trait

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3
Q

Natural concept

A
  • a concept formed be our experiences

- ex) family

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4
Q

Artificial concept

A
  • a concept formed by logical rules

- ex) square

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5
Q

Prototype

A
  • object or event that best represents a natural object

- we associate best when a natural object matches our prototype

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6
Q

Insight

A
  • sudden realization of a solution
  • ah-ha moment
  • kholer and his chimps
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7
Q

Algorithm

A
  • step by step way to solve a problem

- guarantees a correct answer by going the “long way”

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8
Q

Heuristics

A
  • short cuts people use while thinking

- making judgements quickly but may lead to biases

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9
Q

Availability Heuristic

A
  • people base judgements on the ease with which they remember something
  • ex) think driving is more dangerous because recently witnessed a car crash
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10
Q

Anchoring Heuristic

A
  • decisions are more based on an initial anchor
  • ex) after writing down their social security number people will anchor their guess of the number of doctors in NYC to that number
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11
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A
  • people classify something based on how similar it it to their prototype
  • ex) if a president walks with confidence people will believe he is good at his job
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12
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

-thinking of an object as only working in its normal way

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13
Q

Mental Set

A
  • persistence in using strategies that worked in the past

- sometimes can be an obstacle to problem solving

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14
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

-trying to confirm what we know rather than disprove it

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15
Q

Overconfidence Effect

A

-we underestimate the extent to which our beliefs are wrong

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16
Q

Belief Perseverance

A

-belief remains intact even with contrary evidence

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17
Q

Incubation

A

-stop working on a problem and just let it simmer

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18
Q

Framing Effect

A
  • the way a problem is posed can impact decision making

- ex) 90% survival rate VS. 10% death rate

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19
Q

Intuition

A
  • ones immediate judgement

- picking something up

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20
Q

Convergent VS. Divergent Thinking

A
  • convergent: narrowing many options to one

- divergent: coming up with new ideas

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21
Q

Phonemes

A
  • smallest unit of speech
  • a sound
  • 7 in the word blanket
22
Q

Morphemes

A
  • smallest meaningful unit of language

- retested has three = re-again test ed-past

23
Q

Grammar

A

-rules specifying how many phonemes, morphemes, words and phrases should be combined to express thoughts

24
Q

Semantics

A
  • system of using words to create meaning

- surface vs. deep structure

25
Q

Syntax

A
  • rules for word order

- ex) White House VS. Casa Blanca

26
Q

Surface Structure

A
  • the precise string of words and exact meaning

- order of words

27
Q

Deep Structure

A
  • underlying meaning

- what is the intent of the words

28
Q

One word Stage (Holographic)

A
  • around 1
  • speaks one word at a time
  • family can understand
29
Q

Two word (Telegraphic)

A
  • before 2 years old

- child starts to speak in two word sentences

30
Q

Overgeneralization of Grammar

A
  • using rules of grammar incorrectly
  • usually before the age of 7
  • ex) It was the most bestest fun
31
Q

Chomsky (Biological)

A
  • language is an inborn capacity and develops by maturation
  • LAD: children have a built in system to aid in learning language
  • critical period: u must learn language before age 7
  • hard to learn a new language later in life
  • universal grammar: all languages share some basic elements
  • statistical learning of language: babies brains discern word breaks and know which syllables most often go together
32
Q

Skinner/Behavioral

A
  • language develops through rewards, punishments, imitation, and Reinforcement
  • operant: making sounds reinforced with smiles
33
Q

Whorf (Social-Cultural)

A
  • language determines how you think (linguistic determinism)
  • the more words we have to represent something the more we have to think about it and the more important it is to our culture
34
Q

Animal Communication

A
  • animals can communicate with each other
  • dolphins and parrots can acquire some language
  • still controversial whether humans are unique in ability to communicate
  • many studies in which chimps learned some language, not necessarily true language or equivalent to human language (Kanzi, Washoe)
  • criticism: imitation and observation rather than true Learning of syntax
35
Q

Different hierarchies of concepts

A
  • super ordinate: vehicle
  • basic level: car and trucks
  • subordinate level: sedans, convertibles, pickups etc.
36
Q

Metacognition

A

-thinking about how you think of solve problems

37
Q

ABD - formal (deductive) and informal (inductive) reasoning

A
  • both in problem solving and scientific method

- different because INDUCTIVE is from specific to general and DEDUCTIVE is from general to specific

38
Q

ABD - mental set and functional fixedness

A
  • alike because both are fixation (can’t look at a problem from a fresh perspective)
  • different because MENTAL SET is using the same problem solving procedure and FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS is only seeing an object as capable of its original function
39
Q

ABD - availability and representative heuristic

A
  • alike because both are “short cut” ways to think
  • different because REPRESENTATIVE is judging a situation based on how well they match a stereotype while AVAILABILITY is estimating the probability of certain events based on how easily they come to mind
40
Q

ABD - belief bias and belief perseverance

A
  • alike because both are obstacles to logical thinking
  • different because BELIEF BIAS is when preexisting beliefs distort logical reasoning and BELIEF PERSEVERANCE is holding onto a belief after it has been discredited
41
Q

ABD - convergent and divergent thinking

A
  • alike because high are important to creativity

- different because CONVERGENT is finding one solution while DIVERGENT produces many answers

42
Q

ABD - phonemes and morphemes

A
  • alike because both are structures of language

- different because PHONEMES are the basic sound units while MORPHEMES are the smallest meaningful units of speech

43
Q

ABD - semantics and syntax

A
  • alike because both are parts of grammar
  • different because SEMANTICS are the rules that enable us to derive meaning from language while SYNTAX are the rules for the order of words
44
Q

Pragmatics

A
  • how context contributes to meaning

- what is implied or not explicitly said

45
Q

Artificial Intelligence

A
  • computer or machine intelligence
  • can fail, works best in situations with set rules and lots of data
  • things are fuzzy or not clear, computers don’t work well
46
Q

Working backwards

A

-problem solving by starting at the end and working towards the beginning

47
Q

Means end analysis

A

-envisioning the end and then determining the best strategy for reaching that goal from current situation

48
Q

Cognitive map

A

-mental representation of physical locations

49
Q

Cognitive reserve

A
  • resilience to neurological damage

- how the brain uses its damaged resources

50
Q

Mental Model

A

-psychological representation of a situation

Psychology (14 decks)

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