study guide Flashcards
5-fluorouracil (5-FU):
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
thymidylate synthase
antimetabolite (uridine analog)
S
myelosuppression
5-FU rescue
thymidine
5-FU drug synergy
Leucovorate
5-FU unique resistance mechanism
downregulation of enzyme that convert 5-FU to F-dUMP
increase thymidylate synthase
5-FU genetic testing
5% of pop has polymorphism that results in deficiency of DPD
Cytarabine (Ara-C)
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- Comp inh of DNA polymerase alpha
- antimetabolite (cytosine analog)
- S phase
- myelosuppression
Cytarabine (Ara-C) synergy
tetrahydrouridine (cytidine deaminase inhibitor)
Cytarabine (Ara-C) resistance mechanisms
downregulation of enzymes that upregulate cytidine deaminase
downregulation of influx transporters
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP)
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- multiple enzymes in de novo purine synthesis (blocks synth of purine nucleotides)
- antimetabolite (purine analog, thio-analog of adenine)
- S
- myelosuppression, hematologic toxicity
what drug increases 6-MP toxicity?
allopurinol
unique mechanisms resistance 6-MP
loss of HGPRT (activating enzyme)
6-MP genetic testing
TPMT polymorphism loss of function
methotrexate
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- DHFR inhibitor
- antifolate
- S
- myelosuppression
methotrexate rescue
Leucovorin
methotrexate resistance mechanism
amplification of DHFR or resistant mutation of DHFR
decreased polyglutamation
Chlorambucil
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- dna crosslinker
- alkylator
- all phases
- myelosuppression, carcinogenic, teratogenic
unique resistance mechanisms chlorambucil
increase glutathione
increased GST
second malignancies
all antimetabolites/antifolates work in which phase of cell cycle
s
T or F:
all alkylators have risk of second malignancies
true
cyclophosphamide:
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- DNA crosslinker
- alkylator (prodrug)
- all phases
- hemorrhagic cystitis
what do you give if cyclophosphamide causes hemorrhagic cystitis
mesna
Mitomycin C
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- bifunctional adducts on DNA
- alkylator (aziridine)
- all phases
- myelosuppression
Cisplatin
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- covalent crosslinkers of G and A causing strand breaks (forms intrastrands)
- platinum compound
- all phases
- bone marrow, nephrotoxicity (proximal tubule)
T or F:
Cisplatin has a risk of second malignancies
true
irinotecan
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- topo I
- topo I inhibitor
- S phase
- UGT1A1 polymorphism
irinotecan unique resistance mechanisms
PGP overexpression
MRP overexpression
Glutathione-S-Transferase overexpression*
Topoisomerase downregulation or mutation to prevent inhibitor binding
Doxorubicin:
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- topo II (intercalates and inhibits double strand re-ligation)
- topo II inhibitor
- Non-specific but greater G2/M activity
- cardiotoxicity bc of free radical damage, also tissue damage with extravasation
what drug prevents doxorubicin cardiotoxicity
dexrazoxane
unique resistance mechanism doxorubicin
glutathione-s-transferase overexpression
bleomycin
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- imadazole -> free radical, thiazole -> intercalator
- dual mechanism cytotoxic agent (topo/micro)
- G2/M
- pulmonary (blow/bleo)
vincristine
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- tubulin -> inhibition of microtubule assembly (tubule polymerization) and microtubule shortening
- Vinca alkaloid (microtubule destabilizer)
- M
- Neurotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, myelosuppression rarely significant
Eribulin
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- tubulin -> inhibition of microtubule assembly/elongation
- microtubule destabilizer
- M
- lower neurotoxicity than vinca
Paclitaxel
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- tubulin -> inhibition of microtubule assembly (depolymerization)
- taxane -> microtubule stabilizer
- M
- myelosuppression, neurotoxicity is reversible
Paclitaxel unique resistance mechanism
PgP substrate (except for cabazitaxel)
tubulin mutations
Ixabepilone
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- tubulin -> inhibition of microtubule disassembly (depolymerization)
- microtubule stabilizer (epothilone B analog)
- M
- reversible myelosuppression
Ixabepilone (is/is not) cross-resistant to taxanes
is not
T or F:
Ixabepilone is a poor PgP substrate
true
Enzalutamide
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- androgen receptor
- full AR antagonist
- not cell cycle specific
- none listed
enzalutamide unique resistance mechanism
AR mutations that result in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)
Abiraterone
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- 17-a-hydrolase and C17,20 lyase
- steroid analog
- not cell cycle
- increased cholesterol
tamoxifen
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- ER
- SERM
- not cell cycle specific
- hot flashes, increased risk of endometrial cancer
fulvestrant
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- ER
- SERD (antagonist only)
- not cell cycle specific
- n/a
tamoxifen random drug interaction thing
BC prophylaxis
Predinisolone
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- no target listed?
- corticosteroid
- no cell cycle phase
- no important SE
Letrozole
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- aromatase
- non-steroidal comp aromatase inhibitor
- no cell cycle phase shit
- bone density loss/ fracture
Exemestane
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- aromatase
- steroidal aromatase inhibitor (suicide inhibitor/irreversible)
- no cell cycle shit here
- hot flashes, edema, weight gain, increased cholesterol *
Leuprolide
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- GnRH receptor
- GnRH analog
- no phase
- “flare effects”, hot flashes, sexual dysfxn, gynecomastia
Imatinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- BCR-Abl TK
- type II small molecule Bcr-Abl inhibitor
- no phase
- N/V, fluid retention, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia
Imatinib genetic testing
philadelphia chromosome
Ponatinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- Bcr-Abl
- Bcr-Abl inhibitor
- no cell cycle shit
- no important SE
Midostaurin:
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- fms-like TK 3 (FLT3) in AML
- 1st gen FLT3 inhibitor
- no phase
- no crazy SEe
Creneolanib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- fms-like TK 3 (FLT3)
- 2nd gen FLT3 inhibitor for AML
- no cell cycle shit
- no se listed
Quizartinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- FLT3
- type II FLT3 inhibitor
- no cell cycle shit
- no listed SE
Quizartinib genetic testing thing *
specific for internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations
Sirolimus
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin)
- Rapamycin analogs
- no cell cycle
sirolimus random drug interaction thing
inhibits immune response by blocking IL-2 signaling transduction
Alectinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- anaplastic TK (ALK)
- ALK inhibitor
- no cell cycle shit
- no crazy SE
Alectinib genetic testing thing *
Fusion gene of ALK to ELM4
Dabrafenib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- BRAF-V600
- 2nd gen BRAF inhibitor
- no cell cycle
- no listed SEs
Dabrafenib is paired with what other drug for BRAF-V600 mutant metastatic melanoma
trametinib
Genetic testing thing for dabrafenib
BRAF-V600 mutationt
Trametinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- MEK1 and MEK2
- type III allosteric MEK inhibitor
- no cell cycle shit
- RASH, diarrhea, lymphedema
Acalabrutinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- Brutons TK (BTK)
- 2nd gen covalent BTK inhibitor
- no cell cycle shit
- no listed SE
Afatinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- Covalent inhibitor of al ErBb receptors
- EGFR inhibitor
- no cell cycle
- rash
Afatinib genetic testing stuff
QIAGEN for detection of exon 19 or 21 deletions/mutations
gefitinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- EGFR TK
- 1st gen reversible EGFR inhibitor
- no cell cycle
- fatigue, RASH, diarrhea
what mutation causes resistance to gefitinib
T790M
genetic testing gefitinib
exon 19 or 21 mutations
osimertinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- EGFR TK
- 3rd gen covalent EGFR inhibitor
- no cell cycle
- rash i think
Osimertinib genetic testing and fun fact thing
t790M mutation, it is effective for this
Lapatinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- EGFR and HER2
- EGFR and HER2 reversible inhibitor, it is a small molecule TKI
- no cell cycle shit
- diarrhea, N/V, reversible decrease in cardiotoxicity
Lapatinib is commonly combined with what for metastatic breast cancer
capecitabine
Tucatinib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- HER2
- TK1 HER2 inhibitor
- no cell cycle
- reduced SE’s compared to lapatinib or covalent pan-ErBb inhibitors
Tucatinib genetic testing
HER2+ breast cancer
Trastuzumab is combined with what
Pertuzumab
Trastuzumab/Pertuzumab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- HER2
- Recombinant humanized mAB
- no cell cycle
- flu-like sxs, cardiomyopathy
what does pertuzumab do that is an important reason it is combined with trastuzumab?
it has different binding sites on HER2 and inhibits dimerization
Cetuximab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- EGFR completely inhibits binding of EGF and TGF-alpha
- Recombinant chimeric mAB, fully humanized
- no cell cycle
- severe infusion reaction, rash, fever
bevacizumab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- VEGF (ligand), blocks interaction with endothelial receptors
- recombinant humanized mAB
- no cell cycle
- no listed SE’s
bevacizumab is used in combo with ______ for 1st line tx of metastatic colorectal cancer
5-FU, this drug has no efficacy as a single agent
Ramucirumab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- VEGF receptor
- recombinant humanized mAB
- no cell cycle
- used in combo with 5-FU
Rituximab
*Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- CD20 in normal B lymphocytes and immature pre B cells
- not sure rn but mAB
- no cell cycle
- no se listed
Daratumumab
*Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- CD38 on plasma B cells
- mAB
- none
- none listed
*Ipilimumab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- CTLA-4 receptor -> reverses cytotoxic T lymphocyte inhibition
- recombinant human mAB
- none
- severe immune-mediated adverse effects (inflammatory) (may require steroids)
Pembrolizumab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- Binds PD-1 receptor expressed on T cells
- mAB
- none
- none listed
pembrolizumab genetic testing
PDL1 test for tx of NSCLC
Atezolizumab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- Binds PDL-1 Receptor
- PDL-1 mAB
- none
- none listed
Trastuzumab Emtansine
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- HER2/Neu receptor, emtansine inhibits microtubule assembly
- ADC, emtansine is cytotoxic
- none
- trastuzumab SE’s, emtansine gives thrombocytopenia and hepatotoxicity
Trastuzumab Derutexan
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- HER2/Neu receptor, topo I
- ADC + topo I inhibitor
- none
- trastuzumab effects
Blinatumomab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- binds CD3 and brings activated T-cell into proximity of CD19
- BiTE
- none
- cytokine release syndrome
Mosunetuzumab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- CD3 and CD20
- BiTE
- none
- same as other BiTES
Teclistamab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- CD3 on T-cells and B-cell maturation antigen, BCMA of multiple myeloma cells
- BiTE
- none
- same as other BiTE
Taquetamab
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- CD3, GPRC5D
- BiTE
- none
- other BiTEs
Sipuleucel-T
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- antigen presenting cells activated by ex vivo with PAP-GM-CSF
- PAP-GM-CSF
- none
- flu like sxs, increased risk of stroke
CAR-T
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- T cell activation using CD19 as target
- chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) duh
- none
- none listed
Olaparib:
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- PARP to trap to DNA
- PARP inhibitor
- none
- no crazy ones listed
think of what fun 2 word thing when you see olaparib
synthetic lethality
Palbociclib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- CDK4/6
- Kinase inhibitor -> targets kinases directly involved in cell cycle control
- G1
- neutropenia, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting
Palbociclib genetic testing
BRCA1/2
Bortemzomib
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- 26S proteasome
- proteasome inhibitor
- none
- none listed that are special
5-azacytidine
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- RNA
- DNMT inhibitor
- none
- none listed
Venetoclax:
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- BCL-2, anti apoptotic protein
- BCL-2 inhibitor
- none
- none listed
Venetoclax combined with what for AML
azacitidine
Pomalidomide
Target:
Class:
CC phase:
DL SE:
- IKZF TFs
- Thalidomide analog
- none
- none listed