L1-2: Concepts of Chemo Flashcards
New growth, may be benign or malignant
A. Neoplasm
B. Tumor
C. Cancer
A
Nonspecific term meaning lump or swelling
A. Neoplasm
B. Tumor
C. Cancer
B
Any malignant neoplasm
A. Neoplasm
B. Tumor
C. Cancer
C
An increase in organ tissue size due to an increased number of cells
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
A
An adaptive, substitution of one type of adult tissue to another type of adult tissue
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
B
An abnormal cellular proliferation in which there is loss of normal architecture
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
C
A loss of critical differentiation. Cells Dedifferentiate.
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Dysplasia
D. Anaplasia
D
Malignant neoplasm of squamous epithelial cell origin
A. Carcinoma
B. Adenocarcinoma
A
Malignant neoplasm derived from glandular tissue
A. Carcinoma
B. Adenocarcinoma
B
Malignant neoplasm with origin in mesenchymal tissues or its derivatives
A. Sarcoma
B. Lymphoma/Leukemia
C. Melanoma
D. Blastoma
E. Teratoma
A. Sarcoma
Malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic tissues
A. Sarcoma
B. Lymphoma/Leukemia
C. Melanoma
D. Blastoma
E. Teratoma
B. Lymphoma/Leukemia
Type of cancer of pigment producing cells in the skin or the eye
A. Sarcoma
B. Lymphoma/Leukemia
C. Melanoma
D. Blastoma
E. Teratoma
C
Malignancies in precursor* cells, more common in children
A. Sarcoma
B. Lymphoma/Leukemia
C. Melanoma
D. Blastoma
E. Teratoma
D. Blastoma
A germ cell neoplasm made of several different differentiated cell/tissue types
A. Sarcoma
B. Lymphoma/Leukemia
C. Melanoma
D. Blastoma
E. Teratoma
E. Teratoma
A 6 month-old boy is determined to have a systemic malignancy originating from precursor cells of the nervous system. The pathology report would state?
A. Adenocarcinoma
B. Neuroblastoma
C. Leukemia
D. Metastatic sarcoma
B. “precursor” is hint here
TNM Staging:
TX meaning
primary tumor cannot be evaluated
TNM Staging:
T0 meaning
no evidence of primary tumor
TNM Staging:
Tis meaning
Carcinoma in situ. (abnormal cells are present but have not spread to neighboring tissue; although not cancer, may become cancer)
TNM Staging:
T1-T4 meaning
size and/or extent of invasion of the primary tumor (don’t think we’re getting tested on specific sizes)
TNM Staging:
NX meaning
Regional lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
TNM Staging:
N0
no regional lymph node involvement
TNM Staging:
N1, N2, N3
degree of regional lymph node involvement (number and location of lymph nodes)
TNM Staging:
MX meaning
distant metastasis cannot be evaluated
TNM Staging:
M0 meaning
no distant metastasis
TNM Staging:
M1 meaning
Distant metastasis present
A 48-year-old woman has a routine physical examination. A 4 cm diameter non-tender mass is palpated in her right breast. The mass appears fixed to the chest wall. Another 2 cm non-tender mass is palpable in the left axillary node. A chest radiograph reveals multiple 0.5 to 2 cm nodules in both lungs. Which of the following TNM classifications best indicates the stage of her disease?
A. T1 N1 M0
B. T1 N0 M1
C. T2 N1 M0
D. T3 N0 M0
E. T4 N1 M1
E, metastasis present because it spread to lungs
3 things cancer is characterized by
uncontrolled cell growth
tissue invasion
metastasis
v-Src is a/an _____
oncogene
RB1 is a __________ _________
tumor suppressor
Most tumor suppressors need to be a __________ deletion/mutation
homozygous
Which type of tumor suppressor mutations can be inherited?
heterozygous
T or F
a “loss of heterozygosity” leads to a higher predisposition to cancer
True
Most cancers are relatively _____geneous and have a variety of gene mutations
hetero
T or F: BRCA1 and BRCA2 are oncogenes
False dumbass, theyre tumor suppressors
The BRCA1 and 2 genes encode for proteins involved in ______
DNA repair
BRCA mutations in breast cancer increase susceptibility to ______ inhibitors
PARP
Olaparib:
Class: ________
MOA:
Primarily for cancers with ________ mutations:
-PARP inhibitor
- “trapping” PARP to DNA so it can’t go fix strand breaks
- BRCA1/2
cell is quiescent or accumulating “building blocks” required for division
A. G0/G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
A. G0/G1
Cell replicating DNA
A. G0/G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
B. S
Cell assembling machinery for chromosomal segregation and cytokinesis
A. G0/G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
C. g2
Mitosis
A. G0/G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
D. M (no shit)
______ and ______ are master regulators of cell cycle initiation
Cyclin D, CDK4/6
what is a mitogen?
something that promotes growth
Palbociclib class / MOA
CDK4/6 inhibitor
Which of the following is potentially true of a tumor suppressor gene?
A. Allows unrestricted cell growth and proliferation.
B. Promotes different phases of the cell cycle.
C. Produces proteins that block the activity of cyclins.
D. Is often overexpressed in cancer
C
T or F: loss of checkpoint control results in decreased cell death with chemotherapy
false, increased
Which cell cycle checkpoint ensures integrity of the genome?
G1 checkpoint
in what phase are drugs that do not require cycling cells effective in? (this is worded terribly im sorry)
G0
A chemotherapy that interferes with DNA synthesis is
A. S-phase specific
B. G1-phase specific
C. cell cycle non-specific
D. M-phase specific
A
Which phase of the cell cycle do you think is targeted by Palbociclib (the CDK4/6 inhibitor)?
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
A
T or F: Single doses of chemotherapy drugs will select for cells resistant to drug instead of killing all tumor cells
True
Things listed under “major dose-limiting toxicities”
Hematopoietic- WBC, infections, platelets, hemostasis, RBC (all go together when you think about it)
and
GI upset, N/V, loss of appetite
2 advantages of combination chemotherapy
- no additive toxicity for drugs with non-overlapping* toxicities
- increased cell killing
Chemoresistance:
what are the 2 pumps that increase transport of drugs out of the cell through efflux pumps?
P-glycoprotein (PgP
Multi-drug resistance associated protein (MRP)
Chemoresistance:
what are two ways cancer cells reduce drug transport into the cell?
loss of drug importer
decreased membrane permeability
Chemoresistance:
T or F:
Cancer cells can decrease the activation of prodrugs
True
Chemoresistance:
Cancer cells may _________ ________ or processes that detoxify the drug, making it less harmful or ineffective.
upregulate enzymes
T or F: Cancer cells that metastasize to the brain can avoid certain chemo drugs
True, some drugs don’t cross the BBB
What happens due to cancer cells making a physiological change in cell state such as EMT (epithelial mesenchymal transition)?
Slows cell cyle, increases drug efflux pumps and increases anti-apoptotic proteins
