Study for Midtterm 1 - 20pages

Question 1

What is PHARMACOLOGY

Answer 1

Investigating the function-altering effect of exogenic and endogenic substances in living entities.

(can be produced e.g. insulin, thyroxin, adrenaline, noradrenalin etc.)

Question 2

What is Pharmacodynamic?

Answer 2

How a drug acts on the body

Question 3

What is Pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

How the body acts in response to a drug.

1- Absorption: How the drug enters the system and circulation i.e. does not apply when the drug is administered I/V.

2- Distribution: How drugs are dispersed in the tissues and fluids throughout the body.

3- Metabolism: How drugs are transformed throughout the body.

4- Excretion: Elimination of substances. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly

accumulate in a tissue in the body.

Question 4

Example of Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics

Answer 4

E.g. Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4): Orally administered laxative.

Pharmacodynamics: The osmotic effect of the unabsorbed ions, when ingested with a large volume of water, produces copious watery diarrhea.

Pharmacokinetics: Faecal excretion is the primary route of sulfate elimination.

Question 5

DRUG-RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS:

Name the different interactions

Answer 5

1. Physical interaction=
2. Biochemical interaction: – with or without receptors, the target for the drug (ligand) is almost always a protein e.g. enzyme, receptor, ion channel, transporter etc.
   - Without receptors
   - With receptors

Question 6

Name some 1. Physical interaction type of drugs

Answer 6

1- Osmotic Diuretics:

2- Antacids:

3- Laxatives

4- Chelators:

Question 7

1. Physical interaction

Name a Osmotic Diuretics:

Answer 7

Mannitol–

Crossing of biological membrane = NO (No absorbtion)

Administered= IV

Enters= Glomerulus via Fenestrated capsule

Cannot be = Reabsorbed by the KIDNEY

Excreeted= GLOMERULAR FILTRATION - Osmotic Diuresis

USE = Acute renal failure (urine production stops) = leads to SHOCK due to no blood supply

=

Glycol poisoning (antifreeze) and the animal can die from a build-up of toxic substances.

Question 8

1. Physical interaction

- Antacids:

Answer 8

Magnesium Hydroxide (MgSO4)

– RENNIE.

Used = build-up of gastric acid —> hyperacidity.

It aids by neutralizing the pH of HCl (1-2 elevated to 4-5).

Question 9

1. Physical interaction

Name a Laxative

Answer 9

Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4)

Question 10

1. Physical Interaction
   - Chelators:

Answer 10

Bind with metal ions —-> form stable, water-soluble complexes.

EDTA – Used for lead poisoning/overdose.

Deferoxamine: Used for iron overdose.

Question 11

1. Physical interactions

EDTA – Used for

Answer 11

Lead poisoning/overdose.

Question 12

1. Physical Interaction

Deferoxamine used for:

Answer 12

Used for iron overdose.

Question 13

Name the Biochemical interaction Without receptors

Answer 13

Inhibition of enzymes:

• DNA damage:
• Transporters:
• Transporters:
• Proton-pump inhibitors: e.g. OMEPRAZOLE (NB).
• Diuretics: FUROSEMIDE
• Ion channels:

Question 14

Name some enzymes inhibitors of enxymes whitought receptors

Answer 14

1. NSAIDs – e.g. LOXICAM. These inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX) and therefore is used as an anti-inflammatory (NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug). Other examples include MELOXICAM, CARPROFEN, ASPIRIN.

2. ACE inhibitors – angiotensin-converting enzymes inhibited in the case of hypertension. Decrease blood pressure and aid in heart failure.

3. AChE inhibitors – acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibited therefore prevents breakdown of acetylcholine – build-up of Ach helps in muscle activation and contraction.