Smalltest nr 3 Flashcards
Painkilling list
- Opioids
- NSAIDS
- ⍺-2 agonists
- Antibodies against nerve growth factor
- Gabapentin
- Antidepressants
+ KETAMIN (NMDA receptor antagonist)
Gabapentin used for (indication)
- Anti epileptic
- Unique for NEUROPATHIC PAIN
What are the major pilars due to painkilling?
- Opioids
- NSAIDS
Name an NSAIDS agianst headache
ASPIRIN
What are the requirements for surgery
General Anaestesia
- Total unconsciousness
- Total muscle relaxation
- Total analgesia
NOT= ANALGESIA or NEUOROLEPTIC
What is balanced anesthesia?
Balanced anesthesia - GS reached with combinations of drugs
Eg. ⍺-2 agonists with:
1. KETAMIN
2. BUTORPHANOL = Opioid
3. XYLAZINE - Emesis induction - cat - Subsedative dose
Used for predemication, induction and wide maintenance
BUTORPHANOL
Type of drug
Opioid
KETAMIN
Type of drug
NMDA receptor antagonist
Opioids and analgesia?
VERY POTENT ANALGESIC
Higher dose of Xylazine or Detomidine cause analgesic effect?
True or false
True
The higher dose of Xylazine or detomine, the more POTENT analgesic effect of the ⍺-2 agonists substance!
Induces painkilling effect of the other substances.
What are the different tests performed to evaluate pain and pain perceptions?
- Tail flinch test
- Hot plate test
- “Sigmund” (Wrighting) test
Characterize the Tail flinch test
- Lab animals is used
- At least 2 groups.
- One is placebo - Focused infra red light
- heat up tissue of tail = causes pain within seconds!
- Mouse will pull away the tail. - Measure the time
Characterize the Hot plate test
- Easier to measure than tail flinch test
- Hot plate heated to 54 degrees celsius
- Measure the time until mouse lift up its feets to lick its foot.
Tail flinch latency graph
- Measure tailflinch with and withouth painkilling subst.
- Administration route is important - IV or IM
1. Using MORPHINE
(GA, premedication or during maintenance) - Wait 20-30 min!! Time to reach morphines maximal painkilling activity! Before that not enough painkilling effect if you use MORPHINE alone as a painkiller.
- In surgery, wait 20-30 min prior to cut the animal
- Compared with the control group = Proove of painkilling effect! = By having morphine In the system, they can endure pain for more seconds (3 sec)
Characterize the WRIGHT (SIGMUND) test
- NO LONGER USED because of animal welfare
- Measure number of convulsions
- Use substance to induce pain (Algogenic, 1% acid)!
- Given IP = VERY PAINFUL
- As PANCREATITIS!!! And PERITONITIS!!! - Due to convulsions you will be able to detect a time dependent efficacy
- ⍺-2 agonists -> detomidine > xylazine in regards of potency, ↑dose = ↑ potency
Detomidine VS Xylazine due to convulsions and analgesic effect
DETOMIDINE is a more POTENT ANALGESIC, so less convulsions will be seen compared to Xylazine.
↑dose = ↑ potency
Druggroups used as premedications prior to GA
- PHENOTHIAZINES
- BUTYROPHENONES
- ⍺-2 AGONISTS
- BZD (BENZODIAZEPINES)
Name the Tranquilizer groups
- PHENOTHIAZINES
- BUTYROPHENONES
Characterize the TRANQULIZER drug group
- Used for Traveling
- Cause Sedation ONLY (Level of CNS depression)
- ↑dose = ↑ duration
Name the Sedatohypnotic drug groups
- ⍺-2 AGONISTS
- BZD (BENZODIAZEPINES)
- Phenobarbital=Barbiturates
Characterize the Sedatohypnotic drug group
- Not enough for surgery on its own
- ↑ High dose = Hypnosedation, Low dose = Sedation
(level of CNS depression)
PHENOTHIAZINE
Drugs
= Tranquilizers
Acepromazine
BUTYROPHENONES
Drugs
= Tranqulizers
AZAPERONE
DROPERIDOL
FLUANISONE
Characterize the GA drug group
- Cause the debth enough of CNS depression to cause general anesthesia!
- Inhalations and Injections
- Elevation of dose on the graph indicates that it needs to be monitored => Danger of EUTHANASIA!