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Veterinary Pharmacology > Small Test 4 > Flashcards

Small Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Eye anatomy - What influenses the aquous humor inlet?

A

Schelm channel - influence aqueous humor inlet

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2
Q

Witch disease gives Grey lense, and why?
From which disease is it formed from?

A

CATERACT - Grey lens due to glycated proteins in lense

Forms from untreated diabetes mellitus (to avoid, manage blood glucose level)

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3
Q

Which disease is this, with huge eye and dilated pupils ?

What is it caused by?

What can it lead to?

A

GLAUCOMA

Huge eye and dilated pupils

Caused by → Overproduction of aqueous humor → elevated intraocular pressure (glaucoma)

→ can lead to irreversible blindness

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4
Q

What is the cause of the grean colout?

Which disease is diagnosed?

Cause of the disease?

A

CORNEAL ULCERS

Fluorescein dye binds to damaged surface of the cornea, (apple green discoloration) and is visualized under UV light

An ulcer caused by trauma, scratching (due to pruritus)

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5
Q

Name of disease?

Type of disease?

A

Panus (superficial keratitis) → autoimmune inflammation of cornea

Small vessels on eye surface

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6
Q

General rules of Eye treatment

Types?

Importaint to remember with ointments?

When and how to use implants?

A
  1. Locally
    1. Eye drops (need repeat 4-8 times a day) and
    2. Ointments (2-3 times a day is enough) or
  2. Systemic

Ointments can provide blurred vision → patient can scratch their eyes (use the collar to avoid scratching)

  1. Injections and implants (placed surgically subconjunctivally in case of equine recurrent uveitis
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7
Q

Infectious eye diseases

A
  1. Feline renal tracheitis
  2. Mycotic conjunctivitis (in stable horses)
  3. Distemper
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8
Q

Treatment of infectious eye diseases

A
  1. Against pathogens
  • antibiotics,
  • antivirals,
  • antimycotics,
  • antiparasitics
  • AB-type, administration route based on the bacteria & the infected area
  • Sufficient in acute cases

(1 week of AB in case of bacterial eye infections)

  • At least 2 week in antiviral
  1. Anti-inflammatory drugs are given in case of
    1. Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis: GCC
      1. to reduce inflammation and pruritus
    2. Viral infections: NO GCC! Because GC is immunosuppressant
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9
Q

When are Anti-inflammatory drugs are given?

A
  1. Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis:
    1. GCC to reduce inflammation and pruritus
  2. Viral infections:
    1. ​NO GCC!
    2. Because GC is immunosuppressant
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10
Q
A

Thelana worms

  • Treated with ivermectin
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11
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis

A

Allergic conjunctivitis

  • Mast cell stabilizers (avoid histamine release)
    • Sodium chromoglycate,
    • Lodoxamide
    • Nedocromil
  • Vasoconstriction
    • Tetryzoline HCl is only useful in case of small bleeding in the conjunctiva

(no effect on allergy, causes dry eye, can make it worse, just makes the eye look better)

  • Antihistamines (with mast cell stabilization)
    • Azelastine,
    • Olopatadine,
    • Epinastine,
    • Emedastine,
    • Antazoline
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12
Q
A

Corneal ulcer (ulcus corneae)

  • Diagnostic tool: Fluorescein stain
    • AB, 3x in case of superficial ulcer
      • → 6x per day in case of deep
  • Use AB for bacterial colonization and avoid the release of proteases
  • Give protease inhibitors
  • In case of superficial NSAID (prohibited in severe cases)
  • In case of painful cyclospasm → avoid the use of atropine (caused cycloplegia, analgesic effect)
  • GCC prohibited!
  • Risk of perforation: ointment Ø!
  • (ointments can be annoying for a patient)
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13
Q
A

Uveitis (inflammation of the eye)

  1. Cause various and autoimmune
    1. ​→ Treat with AB, immunosuppression
  2. Mydriatic (dilated pupil): atropine
    1. Topically, analgesic effect (cycloplegia)
    2. Can inhibit of synechia formation
    3. Quick degradation of atropine in the inflamed eye → need to give 3-6x per day
    4. Not recommended for fundus examination
  3. Anti-inflammatory drugs
    1. Place
    2. Prednisolone (integrity of the cornea!)
    3. anterior-: topical, panuveitis: systemic / subconjunctival
  4. Equine Recurrent Uveitis
    1. ​→ immunosuppression (cyclosporin implant)
    2. Keep animals in a dark room
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14
Q
A

Dry eye syndrome (keratoconjunctivitis sicca, KCS)

  • Lack of tear production
  • Schirmer’s test

Cause? (in the proper admin of potentiation SA, viral infection)

  • Immunosuppression is given in case of autoimmune background
    • Cyclosporin,
    • Tacrolimus,
    • Pimecrolimus
    • Topically
    • The onset of action within weeks
    • Increased tear production
  • Artificial tear can be given 8-12x a day
  • AB, topically because of lack of tear function making them more prone to bacterial infection
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15
Q

Pannus

A
  • Immune-mediated: treatment for a lifetime!

Anti-inflammatory drugs (prednisolone, dexamethasone)

Immunosuppression (cyclosporin)

Topically

  • If needed: AB/antivirals, antimycotics; artificial tear
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16
Q

Glaucoma

A

Glaucoma (elevated intraocular pressure)

  • ATROPINE CONTRAINDICATED!
  • Causes
    • pupil dilation,
    • constriction of ciliary channel, and
    • closed shlem channel and
    • no aqueous humor production
  • Mannitol is severe cases
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17
Q

Local anaesthetics of eye surface

A

Local anaesthetics of eye surface

The aim? – foreign body, small surgical procedure

Procaine (not used) , Oxibuprocaine or tetracaine used due to high lipophilic property

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18
Q

Fundus examination

A
  • Done by Parasympatholytics (need dilated pupils)
  • Atropine (days) < Tropicamide/Homatropine is better
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19
Q

Antibiotics

Active substances

A
  1. Penicilins
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Aminoglycocides
  4. Tetracyclines
  5. Phenicols
  6. Polymixin-B
  7. Flouroquinolones
  8. Fusidic acid
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20
Q

Antibiotics

USAGE

A
  1. Bacterial infections
  2. Corneal Ulcer
  3. Pannus, KCS
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21
Q

Antibiotics

Comment

A
  1. Different Spectrum
  2. Different Penetrationon
  3. Topical/Systemic/ Both
  4. Combinations
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22
Q

Antivirals

A
  1. Famciclovir
  2. Ganciclovir
  3. Aciclovir
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23
Q

Antimycotics

A
  1. Polyenes
  2. Azoles
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24
Q

Antiparasitic

A
  1. Ivermectin
  2. Moxidectin
  3. Milbemycin Oxime
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25
Q

Antiinflammatory

I: GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Active substances

A
  1. HYDROCORTISONE (S)
  2. PREDNISOLONE (S)
  3. DEXAMETHASONE (L)
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26
Q

Antiinflammatory

I: GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Usage

A
  1. Chronic bacterial conjunctivitis
  2. Allergic conjunctivitis
  3. Pannus
  4. KCS
  5. Blepharitis
  6. Uveitis
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27
Q

Antiinflammatory

I: GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Comment

A
  1. Integrety of cornea
  2. Different penetration
  3. Topical or systemic
  4. Contraindications: Side effects!
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28
Q

Antiinflammatory

II: NSAID’s

Active Substances

A
  1. DICLOFENAC
  2. BROMFENAC
  3. NAPAFENAC
  4. FURBIPROFEN
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29
Q

Antiinflammatory

II: NSAID’s

USAGE

A
  1. Less frequently
  2. Beginning of corneal ulcers
    1. (conjunctivitis, uveitus)
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30
Q

Antiinflammatory

II: NSAID’s

Comment

A

Side effects

31
Q

Immunosuppressive agents

Active ingredients

A

Cyclosporin

Tacrolimus

Pimecrolimus

32
Q

Immunosuppressive agents

Usage

A

KCS

Pannus

ERU

33
Q

Immunosuppressive agents

Comments

A

Topically

Cyclosporin: Tear production increases

Tacrolimus: Stronger immunosupression

34
Q

Protease inhibitors

Active substances

A

EDTA

N-acetyl choline

Tetracycline

Serum

35
Q

Protease inhibitors

Usage

A

Corneal Ulcers

36
Q

Parasympathomimetics

Active substances

A

PILOCARPINE

37
Q

Sympathomimetics

Pilocarpine

Usage

A

Glaucoma

38
Q

Parasympatholytics

Active substances

A

Atropine

Tropicamide

Homicamide

39
Q

Parasympatholytics

Usage

A

Uveitis (A)

Corneal Uveitis (A)

Fundus examination (H, T)

40
Q

Parasympatholytics

Comments

A

Different duration

41
Q

Sympatholytics

Active substances

A

Timolol

Betaxolol

42
Q

Sympatholytics

Usage

A

Glaucoma

43
Q

Sympatholytics

Comment

A

More effective than Pilocarpine

Combinations

44
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

Active substance

A

Dorzolamide

Brinzolamide

45
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

Usage

A

Glaucoma

46
Q

Prostaglandin anhydrase

Active ingredients

A

Latanoprost

Travoprost

47
Q

Prostaglandin anhydrase

Usage

A

Glaucome

48
Q

Antihistamines

Active substances

A

Azelatine

Olopatadine

Epinastine

Emedastine

Antazoline

49
Q

Mast cell stabilizers

Active ingredients

A

SODIUM CHROMOGLYCATE

Lodoxamide

Nedocromil

50
Q

Mast cell stabilizers

Usage

A

Allergic Conjunctivitis

51
Q

Alpha agonists

Active ingredients

A

TETRYZOLINE HCL

52
Q

Alpha agonists

Usage

A

Allergic conjunctivitis

53
Q

Local anaestetics

Active ingredients

A

Oxibuprocain

Bupivacain

Tetracain

54
Q

Local anaestetics

usage

A

Artificial tear (KCS)

55
Q

Drug administration

HORSE

A
  1. Medicated feed: oral, non-fixed, mild substance

(vitamins, minerals…)

  1. Nasogastric tube: oral, with fixation, enters stomach directly

(neophobic animal, does not like a new taste)

  1. Gel/Paste: oral, fixed, flavored preparations, with dosing syringe

(sedative, antiparasitic agent, anti-inflammatory ..)

  1. IV injection:

Only solution, microemulsion, microsuspension can go IV to v. jugularis. preferred if possible because IM abscess easily formed in case of horse, plus tissue irritant

  1. IM injection:

Solution, suspension, emulsion may be given IM , but tissue irritation so if possible IV.

IM → abscess formation

  1. common, location:
  • neck: cervical spine and
  • shoulder triangle,
  • gluteal muscles,
  • gracilis,
  • semitendinosus,
  • pectoral muscles
  1. Intrauterine tablet - rarely used, horses don’t like it
56
Q

Drug administration

RUMINANTS

A
  1. Oral (feed, water,drench)
    1. Feed - individual and herd treatment, internal non fixed
    2. Water - active substance must be water-soluble , internal non fixed
    3. Drench - internally with fixation, liquid oral dosage form, wide range active ingredient, but AB should not be over 8 weeks of age
  2. Intraruminal bolus: internal, fixed, long-release system, (dewormers)
  3. Pour on: external and fixed, can solution, suspension, emulsion (mainly external antiparasitic agent)
  4. Intrauterin tablet (AB mainly)
  5. Intravaginal drug - fixed, sponge, or impregnated solid device
    1. Progesterone drugs for syncing of oestrus
  6. Intramammary infusion fixed, sterile solution, emulsion, suspension, soft form for lactating and dry cows (AB or bismuth salts)
  7. IV injection with fixation, v. jugular usually, tissue irritating, (emulsion suspension not to be used)
  8. IM injection Ru less prone to abscesses, inject in neck or buttocks, buttocks due to better blood supply to grazing animals the most painful route of administration is IM
  9. SC injection injection internally, with fixation, solution, emulsion, suspension can use skin fold in the neck or a fold in the skin behind the ear
57
Q

Drug administration

SWINE

A
  1. Oral (feed,water, drench) – same as ruminants
  2. IM injection
    1. neck, buttocks or thigh muscles
    2. (but in older these are valuable meat areas)
    3. Young animals the hindquarters are also acceptable
      1. Active substance young Iron and AB, NSAID, antiparasitic agent
  3. SC injection - with fixation, skin fold behind ear
  4. Spray - external, not fixed, usually an external antiparasitic agent or a topical AB
  5. Nasal drop
    1. Oral solutions for piglets, if 1-2 ml can be administered through the nostril, will be ingested by the pharynx.
58
Q

Drug administration

POULTRY

A
  1. In feed for herd treatment
  2. In drinking water is preferred
  3. Tube
    1. internal, with fixation, used in more valuable breeding stock or under experimental conditions, because it provides accurate and safe dosing
  4. Spraying
    1. an external, unfixed, antiparasitic agent
  5. IM injection
    1. Rarely used,
    2. More valuable in breeding stock,
    3. Given in pectoral muscles
  6. SC injection into the loose skin of the neck
  7. Fumigation/Vapours - , internal, fixed (closed barn), preventing disease, decontamination
59
Q

Drug administration

DOG & CAT

A
  1. Individual treatment
  • External
  • Internal
  • Enteral
  • PO: Flavoured drug dose forms
  • Parenteral
  • Inhalation
60
Q

Drug administration

EXOTICS

A

Exotics

  • Birds

Individual

External – Internal

Enteral – Parenteral – Inhalation

Prone Stress sensitivity! And Injuries!

  • Reptiles, amphibians

Individual

Poikilothermic animals

Renal portal system

  • Fishes

Group medication or Individual

Water or Feed

  • Rodents & hamsters → intraosseal administration
61
Q

Drug administration

Honey Bee

A

Honey Bee

  • Group medication
    1. External

Spraying

Evaporating

Smoking

  1. Internal

Enteral → Sugar pie, sugar syrup

Fumigation, fogger

62
Q

Drug administration to farm animals on a large scale

External examination

With fixation

A

Dipping

Pour on

Impregnated ear-tag

63
Q

Drug administration to farm animals on a large scale

External examination

Without fixation

A

Dustbag, dusting gate

Footbath

Spraying

64
Q

Drug administration to farm animals on a large scale

Internal examination

With fixation

A

Drench

“Mass vaccination”

Fumigation, Vapours (Fogger)

65
Q

Video

Eye dilation

A

ATROPINE

66
Q

Video

Pupil constriction

A

PILOCARPINE+TIMOLOL combination

67
Q

Video

Local anaestetic - Eye

with some reaction

A

PROCAINE

68
Q

Video

Local anaestetic - Eye

with no reaction

A

OXIBUPROCAIN

69
Q

Video

Anaestethic

Dose?

A

m= bwt

d= dose

c= concentation

V=m*d/c

1,7kg

5mg/kg

20mg/ml

= 1,7*5/20=0,43 ml = XYLAZINE

70
Q

Video

Anaestethic

Drugs

A
  1. Xylazine (alone) IM
  2. Xylazine+Ketamin IM
  3. Propofol IV
71
Q

Video

Anaestethic

Xylazine+Ketamin combination

A
  1. Total muscle relaxation
  2. Total unconciousness
  3. Analgesia
72
Q

Video

Anaestethic

Xylazine+Ketamin combination

A

NOT total unconciousness

But muscle relaxation

Feels pain - MILD analgesia, not enough for surgery

73
Q

Video

Anaestethic

Propofol

A

IV

Lateral vein ear

Total muscle relaxation

Total unconciousness

Analgesic effect

Pre/Post excitation

Duration declines early = SAFE ANAESTASIA

Veterinary Pharmacology (21 decks)

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