Smalltest nr 3 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Definitions:
General Anaesthesia

A
  • Injectable or inhalation
  • Injectable has 1 exception, in which it has a painkiller effect and can be used as a premed: ketamine
  • But remember! Ketamine causes muscle rigidity!!! Mustn’t be given on its own!

(BDZ and ⍺-2 agonist combined with ketamine)

  • Also, remember that its analgesic effect isn’t strong as e.g. fentanyl
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2
Q

Definitions:
Balanced anaesthesia

A

There is no one substance that can provide all 3 requirements of surgery

  1. Total unconsciousness
  2. Total muscle relaxation
  3. Total analgesia

Balanced = a combination of drugs

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3
Q

Definitions:
TIVA

A
  1. Total intravenous anaesthesia
  • Must maintain pressure because ↓ BP during anesthesia, which can lead to:
  • acute renal failure (must keep BP above a certain level, 90mmHg. This can be done via catheter)
  • Can also inject certain injectable anaesthetics via IM,
    • however, it will give you a less safe anaesthesia
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4
Q

Definitions:
Neuroleptanalgesia

A
  • Tranquilisers + opioids
  • Muscle relaxation and analgesia
  • Ø total unconsciousness!
  • Used in minor procedures
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5
Q

Definitions:
Ataranalgesia

A
  • Benzodiazepine + opioid
  • Less deep than neuroleptanalgesia
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6
Q

Anesthesia during surgery
Premedication
AIMS

A
  • Sedation
  • Potentiation (Lowers needed dose for anesthesia and painkillers used later on)
  • Avoidance of pre-excitmentation
  • Avoidance of histamine (HA) release
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7
Q

Anesthesia during surgery
Induction
AIMS

A
  • Get rid of reflex so that you can put an endotracheal tube down the trachea to provide oxygen during surgery as well as
  • maintain trachea diameter (some breeds are more prone to trachea collapse during surgery)
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8
Q

Anesthesia during surgery
Maintenance
AIMS

A

Fulfill the 3 requirements

  1. Total unconsciousness
  2. Total muscle relaxation
  3. Analgesia

Once fulfilled → can begin the procedure

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9
Q

Anesthesia during surgery
Premedications
SUBSTANCES

A
  1. Tranquilizerspotentiate analgesics and anti-HA (acepromazine)
  2. ⍺-2 agonistsanalgesia potentiation, some analgesic effect
  3. BDZpre/post narcotic effect
  4. Opioids → analgesia
  5. Ketaminepremed (subhypnotic dose) and maintenance, potentiates anaesthesia and has analgesic effect (desensitization of pain)
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10
Q

Anesthesia during surgery
Induction
SUBSTANCES

A
  1. Injectables

- Propofol
(use lower dose because of premed potentiators)
- Thiopental (eq)

  1. Inhalations

- Sevoflurane → doesn’t cause irritation

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11
Q

Anesthesia during surgery
Maintenance
SUBSTANCES

A
  1. Inhalation (isoflurane, sevoflurane, etc)
  2. Injectables (IV)

Use combinations, e.g.

Ketamine + BDZ
Ketamine + ⍺-2 agonists

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12
Q

Anesthesia during surgery
Premedication
IMPLEMENTATION COMMENTS

A
  1. ⍺-2 agonists have painkilling effect, but not enough for maintenance (potentiate analgesic effect)
  2. Morphine → must wait ~30 min before beginning the procedure
  3. Buprenorphine and butorphanol are not enough for painful surgeries. They’re also partial agonists!!
    • Mustn’t be used if you’re planning to use full agonists (morphine/fentanyl) later on!!
  4. Fentanyl → not used as premed
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13
Q

Anesthesia during surgery
Induction
IMPLEMENTATION COMMENTS

A
  • Isofluranenephrotoxic and causes irritation

(due to irritation, it’s not used for this step since animals, especially rabbits, will be too irritated to inhale)

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14
Q

Injectable anaesthetics and opioids can be given as bolus dose

A

repeat bolus when required to maintain depth of anaesthesia (otherwise the animal will wake up on the surgery table).

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15
Q

Injectable anaesthetics
More safe

A

More safe would be to use the continuous rate infusion
( dose per hour/BWkg), however, keep in mind that if it’s stopped suddenly, it’ll be eliminated much faster

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16
Q

Anticonvulsants
Definitions:

A
  1. Sudden
  2. Transient
  3. Repetitive brain malfunction
  • Convulsions or tic
  • Depends on severity and area of brain affected
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17
Q

Anticonvulsants
Epilepsy

A
  • Malfunction of motor neuron
  • Can be due to several different causes
  1. - Toxicosis
  2. - Liver failure
  3. - Metabolism disease
  4. - Trauma (lesions)
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18
Q

Anticonvulsants
Idiopathic epilepsy

A

Idiopathic epilepsy → seen in dogs <6 years

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19
Q

Anticonvulsants
Aim of treatment

A

→ to eliminate or decrease frequency/gravity of epileptic episodes

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20
Q

Anticonvulsants
When to start treatment:

A
  1. Convulsions last longer than 5 minutes
  2. 3+ generalised convulsions in 24 hrs
  3. 2+ convulsions within 6 months
  4. When postictal symptoms can still be seen for more than 1 day after an epileptic episode

= (vocalization and/or other strange behaviours)

21
Q

Active agents for status epilepticus treatment

A
  1. Diazepam
  2. Phenobarbital
  3. Pentobarbital
  4. Levetiracetam
  5. Propofol
  6. Isoflurane, (sevoflurane)
  7. Ketamin
22
Q

Diazepam
Administration

A
  • *IV or rectal**
  • *Diazepam** solution → vehicle’s absorption via IM is bad
23
Q

Diazepam
Comment

A

Midazolam, lorazepam

can be given IM (better absorption, but onset = longer)

24
Q

Phenobarbital
Administration

A

IV (onset = 20-30 min)

25
Pentobarbital Administration
* **IV** * **Trace amount used (micrograms!)**
26
Levetiracetam Administration
* **IV** * **Rectal**
27
Propofol Administration
* **IV** * **Bolus**, or * **continuous infusion**
28
Isoflurane, (sevoflurane) Administration
**Inhalation**
29
Ketamin Comment
**In certain cases Causes muscle rigidity, use after diazepam, phenobarbital**
30
What is If seizures proceed even afterwards
* Then give continuous rate infusion of **diazepam** or **propofol**, (ketamine?) * keep the animal sedated as long as needed. * Withdrawal drugs from time to time to see if the animal can manage, * if seizure comes back, * sedate the animal again.
31
Active agents to prevent epilepsy, epilepsy control: Test type I
**Phenobarbital (A) Imepitoin (A) Potassium bromide (B)** I= controlled trials; II= case-control or cohort study; III= case reports or series; IV= expert opinion Recommendation levels A= high; B= moderate; C= low; D= not recommended
32
Active agents to prevent epilepsy, epilepsy control: Test type II
**Primidone (D)** I= controlled trials; II= case-control or cohort study; III= case reports or series; IV= expert opinion Recommendation levels A= high; B= moderate; C= low; D= not recommended
33
Active agents to prevent epilepsy, epilepsy control: Test type III
**Zonisamide (C)** I= controlled trials; II= case-control or cohort study; III= case reports or series; IV= expert opinion Recommendation levels A= high; B= moderate; C= low; D= not recommended
34
Active agents to prevent epilepsy, epilepsy control: Test type IV
**Levetiracetam (C)** I= controlled trials; II= case-control or cohort study; III= case reports or series; IV= expert opinion Recommendation levels A= high; B= moderate; C= low; D= not recommended
35
What if you want to change drug
* To change drugs, you must do it **gradually**! * **New drug**, begin with a **low dose** and **increase until therapeutic range**, and at the same time, * You **decrease the dose of the current drug.**
36
Phenobarbital in general administration
* *First line!** * *Success: ~80%** * *Administration:** * **IV or** * **Orally** (Po absorption is good with slow onset of reaction)
37
**Phenobarbital** On set of action Measure of blood levels Half life
1. **Onset** = **slow** (20-30 min); takes **2-3 weeks to reach steady plasma state**, thus have to **wait 2-3 weeks to evaluate its effectiveness** (must warn the owner about this) 2. **Measure blood levels:** * If phenobarbital blood level is **below range** → **↑dose** * If **above the range** and the patient is still **experiencing seizures,** then **phenobarbital ≠ effective**. Either **combine** or **change drug** * It there’s **no epileptic episode** for **6-12 months** and **phenobarbital blood level** is **above range**, then you can **↓ dose** 1. **Half-life = 2-3 days** (admin. 2x daily)
38
**Phenobarbital** General
* **Anticonvulsant** at **subhypnotic doses** * **Enzyme inducer of CYP450!** (responsible for the metabolism of other drugs!! Thus, have to increase their doses) → **autoinduction** (induces its own metabolism via activating liver enzymes → increases the rate of metabolism) * Does **not exert its effects immediately** → so if the dog has a seizure the following day of 1st administration, do not change the drug immediately (2-3 weeks)
39
**Phenobarbital** Side effects
Side effects: 1. **Sedation & ataxia** → last only a few days after admin. 2. **Polyphagia** → increase appetite ⇒ **weight gain** 3. **Polyurea** → increase drinking ⇒ increase urine volume 4. **Ca → sensitivity (liver damage) → idiosyncratic reaction**
40
Potassium Bromide General
**Potassium bromide** * **Ø fe! (lethal lung oedema)** * **Success: 50-70%** * Can be a **first line drug** * Failure → combination (phenobarbital as a combination partner) * **It’s a salt,** so there is **no metabolism in the liver** * **Elimination → via kidney** If the patient **suffers from kidney failure**, * **lower dose (by 25%)** to avoid the **accumulation of salt** * Can **induce vomiting**, can reduce this by s**plitting the dose to 2x a day with food** **Half-life = 35-46 days** (admin. 1x daily), **Plasma steady-state = 3 months**
41
Potassium Bromide Side effectss
Side effects: 1. **Polyphagia** 2. **Pruritus (itchy)** 3. **Paraparesis (weakness of HL)** 4. **Pancreatitis (pancreas inflammation)**
42
Imepitoin
1. **First line** 2. **Failure → combination** 3. **Quite safe** 4. **Kidney failure → lower dose**
43
Levetiracetam
1. **Second line** (in combinations 2. **Oral tablet** (3x a day, sometimes 4x) Side effects: 1. **Sedation** 2. **Ataxia** 3. **Loss of appetite**
44
Diazepam
* **Ø recommended long term in fe** (individuals can be very sensitive! **It’s hepatotoxic** and can **induce irreversible liver damage** if given ~7 days) * **Ca → appropriate dose can be effective** Side effects: 1. **Polyphagia (fe, ca)** 2. **Ø depth perception** 3. **Sedation**
45
Zonisamide
* Success: **limited date (~60%),** used mostly in Humans * **Second line (in combinations)** Side effects: 1. **Sedation** 2. **Ataxia**
46
Other alternatives
1. **N. vagus stimulation** → **implant** (Hu), placed near or on N. vagus so that it doesn’t stimulate repetitive muscle contractions 2. **CBD, Gabapentin → supportive** 3. **The ketogenic diet** (high fat, moderate protein, low carbohydrates) * **Not proven to be safe and effective** * **Pancreatitis**!! (Ø recommended) 1. . **Acupuncture, homeopathy: NO!**
47
Not recommended substances
1. **1. Primidone** 2. - Very hepatotoxic 3. **2. Lamotrigine** 4. - Hepatotoxicity 5. **3. Phenytoin** 6. - Myocardial damages 7. **4. Carbamazepine** 8. - Bad pharmacokinetics 9. **5. Oxcarbazepine** 10. - Bad pharmacokinetics 11. **6. Vigabatrin** 12. - Not enough data 13. **7. Tiagabine** 14. - Not enough data
48
Situation task 1 Dog with severe trauma Stabile general condition (3 years old, no known disease) Amputation inevitable Which drugs should we use?
* *Phenothiazine** → potentiate analgesic effect * *⍺-2 agonist** → increase pain killing efficacy * *Benzodiazepines** → can prevent pre & post anesthesia excitement * *Ketamine** → IV & has analgesic effect (NMDAr antagonist), given at a continuous rate (at subanesthetic dose), decreases sensitization of pain * *Lidocaine** → local anaesthetic, use around nerve where you’re going to cut the leg off
49
Situation task 2 Dog with severe liver failure Idiopathic epilepsy Phenobarbital was administered earlier What kind of agents can be used for monotherapy of epilepsy control? Potassium bromide
**Potassium bromide**