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Veterinary Pharmacology > Small test 1 > Flashcards

Small test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of the cascade

A
  1. Non-food producing animals
  2. Food producing terrestrial animal species
  3. Food producing aquatic animal species
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2
Q

Which schedule is not used therapeutically

A

Schedule 1

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3
Q

Which schedule needs a special locker receptacle

A

Schedule 2 and Buprenorphine

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4
Q

WP of meat when using human authorized medicine

A

28 days

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5
Q

What are the purposes of the application of medicine

A 
Therapy
Prophylaxis - Prevention
Metaphylaxis
Diagnosis
Growth 
Euthanasia
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6
Q

What is POM-VPQ? Explain

A

Prescription-only-medicine - Veterinarian, pharmasist, Suitable qualified person

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7
Q

Room temperature for medicines

A

15-25 degrees

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8
Q

Which schedules are not used for therapeutical use in animals

A

Schedule 1

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9
Q

What drugs need recording

A

All veterinary treatment need recording, except homeopathic treatments.
Schedule 1-5

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10
Q

Drug usage
1. Therapy
Who is treated?

A

• Individual therapy
o Typically pets

• Mass medication
o Typically production animals

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11
Q

Drug usage
1. Therapy
What is treated?

A

1• Causative treatment
o Treating cause, not just symptoms
o E.g., Antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal

2• Symptomatic (palliative) treatment
o Treating the symptoms that occur during disease (such as fever), but not the cause of the diseases E.g., Painkillers, anti-inflammatory, mucolytic

3• Substitution therapy
o If the body lacks some kind of substance
(such as a hormone), it can be added to achieve a normal body
function.
o E.g., Levothyroxin to treat hypothyroidism (Bingo!), insulin, glucocorticoids to treat Addison’s disease

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12
Q

Drug usage

Types

A
  1. Therapy
  2. Prevention (Prophylaxis)
  3. Metaphylaxis
  4. Growth promotion
  5. Diagnosis ex juvantibus
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13
Q

Drug usage

Types of therapy

A
  1. Causative
  2. Symptomatic (palliative) treatment
  3. Substitution therapy
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14
Q

Drug usage

What is 1. Causative therapy

A

Causative treatment
o Treating cause, not just symptoms
o E.g., Antibiotics, antiviral, antifungal

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15
Q

Drug usage

What is 2. Symptomatic (palliative) treatment

A

Symptomatic (palliative) treatment
o Treating the symptoms that occur during disease (such as fever), but not the cause of the diseases

E.g., Painkillers, anti-inflammatory, mucolytic

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16
Q

Drug usage

What is 3. Substitution therapy

A

Substitution therapy
o If the body lacks some kind of substance (such as a hormone), it can be added to achieve normal body
function.
o E.g., Levothyroxin to treat hypothyroidism (Bingo!), insulin, glucocorticoids to treat Addison’s disease

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17
Q

Drug usage

2. Prevention (Prophylaxis)

A 
Examples:
• Antibiotics are given prior to surgery to avoid infection.
• Vaccines!
• Repellents:
o Selamectin against flees (and more)
o Imidacloprid (insect repellent)
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18
Q

Drug usage

3. Metaphylaxis

A

Applying medication to ALL animals in a herd, when only a few are sick. It is a type of preventative treatment and is
used in production animals mainly that can easily infect each other.

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19
Q

Drug usage
4. Growth promotion
Illegal (EU) growth promotion

A

Illegal (EU) growth promotion
• Growth hormone
• Β2-agonists (reduce lipid content in meat)
• Antibiotics

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20
Q

Drug usage
4. Growth promotion
Legal growth promotion

A 
• Probiotics
o Beneficial bacteria in the stomach
• Prebiotics
o Oligosaccharides
• Symbiotic
o When pro-and prebiotics are applied
together
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21
Q

Drug usage

5. Diagnosis ex juvantibus

A

“Guess” the disease and give treatment for that disease.
→ If the problem is solved, then the guess was correct
Typical for skin problems

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22
Q

Sources of drugs

Drug cascade rule

A

Drug cascade rule
When applying treatment/medication to an animal we need to follow the drug cascade rule. There are 5 types of
treatments listed from 1-5, and we need should always try to use medication that is from the lowest numbered group
first!!

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23
Q

Sources of drugs
Drug cascade rule
The order

A

• (1) Veterinary authorized medicines (AVM)

o Non-immunological drugs

o Immunologicals
▪ Vaccines (active)
▪ Serums (passive)
▪ Diagnostics

• (2) Human authorised medicines
o Some of them are off-limits!

• (3) Official and Prepared medicines
o Pharmacopoeias: reference work for the quality control of medicines (book)

• (4) Biocides
o Disinfectants, insecticides, rodenticides

• (5) Complementary products
o Vitamins, minerals, natural, herbal etc.

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24
Q

Sources of drugs
Drug cascade rule
• (1) Veterinary authorized medicines (AVM)

A

o Non-immunological drugs

o Immunologicals
▪ Vaccines (active)
▪ Serums (passive)
▪ Diagnostics

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25
Q

Sources of drugs
Drug cascade rule
• (2) Human authorized medicines

A

o Some of them are off-limits!

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26
Q

Sources of drugs
Drug cascade rule
• (3) Official and Prepared medicines

A

o Pharmacopoeias: reference work for the quality control of medicines (book)

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27
Q

Sources of drugs
Drug cascade rule
• (4) Biocides

A

o Disinfectants, insecticides, rodenticides

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28
Q

Sources of drugs
Drug cascade rule
• (5) Complementary products

A

o Vitamins, minerals, natural, herbal etc.

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29
Q

Veterinary authorised medicines (AVM)

How to apply

A

When using AVMs the drugs are “easier” to use the specific drugs (unique name, dose form, package) is developed and tested for a specific target animal species
(which is indicated on the package).

Efficacy and safety are already worked out for the specific target animal.

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30
Q

What is SPC

A

SPC (Summary of product characteristics)
→ Legal document containing information
about a medicinal product, based on data generated during the development of the
product.

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31
Q

What is the Withdrawal period (WP) and what is is characteristic for

A
  • The minimum time period between the last administration of a veterinary medicine product to an animal and the production of foodstuffs (e.g. milking, slaughter) from that animal.
  • Only for production animals
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32
Q

What is the • Major Food producing animals

A 
o Cattle – meat, milk
o Sheep – meat
o Chicken – meat, egg
o Pig – meat
o Salmonidae (fish)
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33
Q

What is the • Minor Food producing animals

A 
o Other ruminants – meat, milk
o Other avian species (turkey, goose,
duck, pigeon, quail)
o Rabbit
o Equidae – meat milk
o Bees
o Other fin fishes
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34
Q

Why is the drug cascade so importaint

A

The drug cascade is important when prescribing drugs, and it is also regulations regarding what kind of drugs can be given to animals depending on their function (production or non-production animals)

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35
Q

How does the drug cascade apply to non-food producing animals

A

Non-food-producing animals

  1. Authorized Veterinary Medicine (AVM) authorized for the treated species
  2. AVM authorized for another species or indication (off-label)
  3. Human authorized medicine
  4. Official or occasionally prepared medicine
  • Equidae must be stated in horse passport if they belong to this category
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36
Q

What is the WD for food-producing terrestrial animal species when AVM authorized for the treated species is applied

A

(used according to the SPC)

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37
Q

What is WD for meat, milk and egg producers?

  1. AVM authorized for another food-producing species or off-label use
A

At least 1.5xLWP

LWP=Longest withdrawal period

38
Q

What is WD for meat producers?
3. AVM authorized for another non-food-producing
species

A

At least 28 days

39
Q

What is WD for milk producers?
3. AVM authorized for another non-food-producing
species

A

At least 7 days

40
Q

What is WD for egg producers?
3. AVM authorized for another non-food-producing
species

A

At least 10 days

41
Q

What is WD for egg producers?

4. Human authorized medicine

A

At least 10 days

42
Q

What is WD for milk producers?

4. Human authorized medicine

A

At least 7 days

43
Q

What is WD for meat producers?

4. Human authorized medicine

A

At least 28 days

44
Q

What is WD for meat producers?

5. Official or occasionally prepared medicine

A

At least 28 days

45
Q

What is WD for milk producers?

5. Official or occasionally prepared medicine

A

At least 7 days

46
Q

What is WD for egg producers?

5. Official or occasionally prepared medicine

A

At least 10 days

47
Q

How do you determine the WD in Food-producing aquatic species

A

Withdrawal period is measured in:
- Degree days
(cumulative sum of daily water temperature)

  • Metabolism is higher in warm water → shorter WP
  • SPC (Summary of Product Characteristics)
48
Q

Dispensation of drugs

Considerations before prescriptions:

A

• Toxicity, the therapeutic index
o LD50/ED50
o Safe if the therapeutic index is high

• Global impact (e.g. antibiotics)
• Hazard of abuse or addiction
o Controlled drugs (e.g., ketamine)

49
Q

Dispensation of drugs

Responsibility of the veterinarian:

A
  • “Animal under his/her care”
  • The vet must see the animal or herd
  • The vet must acquire an accurate picture of the health state of the animal or herd
50
Q

Classification of veterinary medical products

A
  • POM – Prescription only medicine
  • P – Pharmacy medicine
  • GSL – General sales list
51
Q

Stability of drugs
Drug sensitivity
• Vitamin C

A

o Sensitive to: Temperature, metal ions, light, pH

52
Q

Stability of drugs
Drug sensitivity
• Vitamin B1

A

o Sensitive to: Temperature, pH

53
Q

Stability of drugs
Drug sensitivity
• Vitamin B2

A

o Light

54
Q

Stability of drugs
Drug sensitivity
• Clavulanic acid

A

o Sensitive to: Humidity, metal ion, pH, water

o If clavulanic acid is added to Amoxycillin (antibiotics), the effect can get enhanced

55
Q

Stability of drugs
Drug sensitivity
Degradation

A

• Some drugs should be stored as a powder because they degrade quicker when in contact with water

• If a drug starts degrading, the toxicity of it can increase:
o Tetracyclines → anhydrotetracycline
o Diazinon → diazoxon (antiparasitic agent, sheep)
o Rifampicin (antibiotic) → potential allergic reaction (e.g., eyedrop should be stored at -15°C, 1 month)

56
Q

Temperature requirements
Category Temperature
Room temperature

A

15-25°C

57
Q

Temperature requirements
Category Temperature
Cold or cool

A

8-15°C

58
Q

Temperature requirements
Category Temperature
Refrigerator

A

2-8°C

59
Q

Temperature requirements
Category Temperature
Deep freeze

A

< -15°C

60
Q

Temperature requirements

Category Temperature

A 
Room temp
Cold or cool
Refridgerator
Deep freeze
Do not freeze
61
Q

What happen upon the expiration date of a drug

A

Expiration

• At the expiration date – 95% of the active ingredients is still guaranteed

62
Q

If the expiration date says: month/year

A

→ drug can be used until the last day of that month

63
Q

Expiration

Normal durability:

A

o Authorized veterinary/human medicine:
usually 2-5 years
▪ Except for immunological products, eyedrops – shorter

64
Q

Expiration

o Prepared medicine:

A

days – months

65
Q

Expiration

For products that have multiple dose injections (eye drops, eye ointments):

A

▪ Should be thrown out max. 28 days after opening

66
Q

Expiration

o Some drugs should also be thrown away immediately after usage

A

▪ E.g. propofol (anesthesia) – has active ingredients that can cause bacterial growth.

67
Q

What is a Prescription

A

Prescription writing
A prescription is a written order of a practitioner (physician, vet, dentist) for one or more drugs to be dispensed by a pharmacist to owner/farmer

68
Q

Requirements for the prescription wrighting

A

• Should either be written with (blue) ink (non-erasable) or electronically

o Corrections can be done for non-controlled drugs, but it must be validated with a signature to avoid that the patient/owner does any corrections.

o If a mistake is made on a controlled drug, then the entire prescription must be redone.

• Date:
o Prescriptions are only valid for a certain amount of time
• Signature and stamp proving the validity
• Name of the drug should be written clearly and not abbreviated
• Amount:
o 1 gram or more → g
o Micrograms/nanograms or “units” should not be abbreviated

Important Latin abbreviations:
• S.i.d. (semel in die) → once daily
• B.i.d (bis in die) → twice daily
• T.i.d. (ter in die) → three times daily
• Sig. (signature) → what the pharmacist should write on the label when handing out the drug

69
Q

Validity of a prescription
In general
AB
CD

A

Prescriptions are only valid for a certain amount of time (UK: 6 months)
o Antibiotics: 5 days (usually)
o Controlled drugs: 28 days (usually)
• Signature and stamp proving validity

70
Q

Parts of the prescription

A 
The heading:
The superscription:
The inscription:
The subscription:
The signature (“S.” or “Sig.”)
The veterinarian’s own signature (and title)
71
Q

Parts of the prescription

The heading:

A

• Heading 1:
o Name, address, registration number of the practitioner (the person writing the prescription)
• Heading 2:
o Date
o Name and address of the owner
o Treated animal(s): species, name/ID number

72
Q

Parts of the prescription

The superscription:

A

RX

73
Q

Parts of the prescription

The inscription:

A

• Authorised: name (of drug), dosage form (tablet, ointment etc.) and the strength of medicine (grams)
• Official/Prepared: list of the ingredients and their amounts
o Ingredients: major ingredient/active substance, adjuvant, vehicle

74
Q

Parts of the prescription

The subscription:

A

• Information for the pharmacist:

o Official/Prepared: What to prepare from the ingredients, total amount, and how to dispense
▪ E.g., “Send 10 tablets in a suitable package”
▪ E.g., “Prepare a suspension and send 100 ml in a suitable package”

o Authorised: Package size and original package quantity
▪ E.g., “Send one original package, 10 tablets”

75
Q 
Parts of the prescription 
The signature (“S.” or “Sig.”)
A

• Information for the owner about the application of the drug
o E.g., “Give 2 tablets to the dog orally daily for 10 days”

• These should always be written:

  1. o “This animal is under my care” (or “these animals…”)
  2. o “For animal treatment only”
  3. o “This prescription is written under the drug cascade”

• Might need additional info:
o “For external use only” (ointments)
o “Shake well before use” (suspension)
o “Keep out of reach of children”

• In case of production animals:
o Withdrawal period (milk, eggs, meat)!!!!!
▪ Fish: degree days

76
Q

Parts of the prescription
Then at the end:
• The veterinarian’s own signature (and title)

A

• The veterinarian’s own signature (and title)
• Number of repeats should be written at the bottom of the prescription:
o “No repeats”, “1 repeat”, “2 repeats”
o Using only the word “repeat” without number allows for 2 supplies only

77
Q

Record keeping

requirements

A

• Handbook/computer database
• Necessary for all veterinary treatments
(except homeopathic medicine)

• Records:
o Date
o Precise identity of the medicinal product
(including batch no.)
o Dosage administered, duration of treatment
o Name and address of farmer/owner
o Name and address of the veterinarian
o Withdrawal period
(for food-producing animals, must be observed)

o Records should be made within 48 hours of the transaction and kept for a period of at least 5 years

78
Q

Record keeping

Deadline for recording

A

within 48 hours of the transaction

79
Q

Record keeping

How long should you keep the recording

A

kept for a period of at least 5 yearsv

80
Q

What is a CD

A

Controlled drugs

• 1-5 schedules: high potential for abuse and the potential to create severe psychological and/or physical dependence

81
Q

Example of schedule 1 drug

A

• Schedule 1:

o Examples: cannabis, amphetamines, hallucinogenic drugs (e.g.,LSD)

82
Q

Example of Schedule 2 drug:

A 
o Examples: 
morphine, 
etorphine, 
fentanyl,
ketamine
83
Q

•Example of Schedule 3 drug:

A

o Examples:
buprenorphine,
pentobarbital

84
Q

• •Example of Schedule 4 drug:

A

o Examples: benzodiazephines

85
Q

• •Example of Schedule 5 drug:

A

o Certain preparations of
morphine,
cocaine and
codeine

that contains less than a specified amount of
the drug

86
Q

Requirements for S2 and S3 CDs:

A

• The following must be included:
o The name, qualification, and address of the practitioner
o The date
o The purpose for which the drug is required
o The quality and quantity of the product
o Veterinarian’s own signature and qualification

• If the drug is not collected personally, an additional authorization must be included

• In an emergency situations, controlled drugs may be supplied to a practitioner without a requisition → if the vet
assumes an obligation to send a signed requisition within the following 24 hours.

87
Q

Requirements for S2 and S3 CDs:

The register must

A

The register must:
o be either a computerized system or a bound book
o be separated into each class of drug
o have a separate page for each strength and form of that drug, with this record at the top of each
page
o have the entries in chronological order
o have the entries made in ink or in a computerized form in which every entry can be audited
o not have cancellations or alterations
o corrections: made by a signed and dated entry in the margin or at the bottom of the page
o be available for inspection at any time
o be kept for a minimum of two years
o running balance is recommended
• Controlled drugs should be kept in safe custody

88
Q

Special formal requirements in the written prescription of Schedule 2 and 3 CDs:

A

Validation

• Special formal requirements in the written prescription of Schedule 2 and 3 CDs:
o Cannot be prescribed on repeat dispensing prescriptions
o No correction
o No abbreviation and Latin expression in the signature part
o Amounts should be written with numbers and words in the inscription and subscription part

89
Q

Special prescription requirements of CDs that cannot be computer made

A

• all details except the signature can be computer-generated

90
Q

Validation for • Prescriptions for Schedule 2, 3 and 4 CDs

A

only valid for 28 days

91
Q

• Prescriptions for Schedule 5 CDs are valid for

A

• Prescriptions for Schedule 5 CDs are valid for 6 months

Veterinary Pharmacology (21 decks)

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