student PEAT 2 Flashcards
S1 represents cloure of _ and S2 represents closure of _
- S1: closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
- S2: closure of aortic and pulmoanry valves
- sounds between S1 and S2 - systolic murmurs
- sounds between S2 and S1 - diastolic murmurs
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
- reduction of peripheral vascular resistance and increase in venous capacitance
- produce vasodilation
central vestibular system lesion
- ex: cerebellar lesion
- vertical nystagmus - pendular
- abnormal smooth pursuits and abnormal saccadic eye movements
an episode of _ is an indication to terminate exercise testing and reassess vital signs in phase II cardiac rehab
- stable angina
- angina should result in terminate of exercise
right sidelying that decreases pain indicates
- decreasing pleural friction/irritation and decreased visceral pain
what do you initially put on a stage 3 wound
- ## sterile normal saline to clean
pvidone-iodine
wounds
- for antimicrobial agent and to manage infection
- can improve healing in venous ulcers
silver sulfadizine
wounds
- for infection
zinc oxide
wounds
- skin protectant
- acts as moisture barrier ingredient
- for diaper and incontinence associated dermatitis
talipes equinovarus
- clubfoot
- congenital deformity of foot in newborns
- not normal
- foot appears smaller d/t hypoplastic skeletal features of bones
- surgical intervention or serial casting required
lateral epicondylalgia muscle affected
- most affected muscle: extensor carpi radialis brevis
- if chronic: use conditioning of extensor muscles and sustained grip activities for long-term management - stretch and strengthen
TOS causes
- anterior scalene tightness
- pec minor tightness
- 1st rib stuff
heart failure identification
- s/s: pitting edema, weight gain, jugular vein distention, diminished appetite, right upper quadrant discomfort, ventricular gallop S3
- assessing heart sounds
s3 and s4
- s1 closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
- s2 closure of atrial and pulmonary valves
C6 is _ hand and C8 is _ hand
- C6 - lateral hand
- C8 - medial hand
pontine infarct
- CN V trigeminal nerve
- jaw deviation in mastication
- others
- CN III - oculomotor from midbrain, results in ptosis
- CN X - vagus from medulla, results in dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
- CN XII - hypoglossal from medulla, results in impaired tongue movement
DVT vs MI vs PE vs HF
- deep vein thrombosis (DVT): leg pain and swelling, unilateral symptoms
- myocardial infarction: SOB, no swelling
- pulmonary embolism: SOB not changed by position, cardiac arrest
- heart failure: dyspnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, peripheral edema
apraxia
- loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures despite having physical ability and desire to perform them
- when teaching a new task, task should be broken down into component parts - one at a time, physically guided through task if necessary
PVC
- premature ventricular contractions - wide QRS and absent P waves
acute first-degree AV block
- prolonged PR interval
- abnormally slow conduction through AV node
in cardiac rehab, what are s/s of exertional intolerance
- persistent dyspnea
- dizziness
- anginal pain
- sudden weight gain
- NOT leg numbness or weight loss
sartorius
- hip flexion, ER, abduction
- femoral nerve L2-L3
tensor fasciae latae
- hip flexion and IR
- superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Lyme disease
- h/o hiking trip
- s/s neck stiffness, rash
motions to confirm temporomandibular dysfunction
- elevation assesses muscles for mouth closure
- depression assesses temporomandibular dysfunction
- NOT
- protrusion - assess tongue thrust
- retrusion - may be painful if intracapsular injury but not useful for diagnosis of TMJ
s/s of metastases
- limited ROM
- decreased tolerance to WB
- recurrent night pain
- increased DTRs
breath sounds and what they mean
- tympanic sound: hyperinflated chest
- fremitus: increased secretions
- hypertrophy of accessory muscles: COPD
- crackles: secretions in peripheral airways
- friction rub: large pleural effusion
- low-pitched wheezes: obstruction - bronchospasm
- diminished breath or absent breath sounds: emphysema
hydrofiber dressing
- alginate-like appearance, activated by moisture in wound
- use for wounds with heavy exudate
patrick test
- FABER
iliopsoas muscles test
- screens for psoas abscess
- psoas abscess s/s hip pain, low-grade fever, antalgic gait, night sweats
stroke volume is determined by
- preload, contractility, afterload
- NOT heartrate
- SV is amount of blood ejected from LV each heartbeat
cardiac output is determined by
- CO = HR x SV
- CO is amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute
pregnancy and cardiac output
- CO increases 30-60%
- oxygen consumption increases 15-20% in pregnancy
pulse amplitude
- quality of pulse
- absent, diminished, normal, moderately increased, markedly increased
rate pressure product
- RPP = HR x SBP
- indicated of myocardial oxygen demand
saphenous nerve
- cutaneous for skin on medial leg and foot
- entrapment causes pain at medial knee - burning pain w/ knee flexion and hip adduction
primary external rotators of GH joint
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
- posterior deltoid
- NOT
- supraspinatus: abduction of arm
- teres major: IR of arm
- rhomboid minor: scapular positioning during shoulder extension
rigid removable dressing vs bandaging
- rigid dressing allows for early weight bearing for early fitting of prosthesis and WB - helps alleviate edema and pain
initial sign of peripheral lymphedema
- decreased finger flexibility
_ is a skeletal complication associated with long-standing ankylosing spondyltis
- osteoporsis
exercise combo for a pt w/ forward head posture
- strengthen deep cervical flexors
- stretch SCM
- stretch upper cervical flexors
after ACL reconstruction, how do you best facilitate healing of patellar ligament
- AROM - good for low load exercise
slumped posture may cause respiratory compromise d/t
- compression of diaphragm by abdominal contents
moro reflex
- infant in supine, allow head to gently drop posteriorly in relation to trunk
- assessing response at arms
startle reflex
- loud or harsh noise
- results in sudden extension or abduction of UEs and crying
landau reflex
- elicited by supporting infant horizontally in prone position
- expected response is infant will extend neck and trunk
positive support reflex
- support infant vertically with contact of feet to surface, assess LE response
gemelli
- hip ER
pectineus
- hip IR
LV dysfunction impact on blood pressure
- decrease in systolic BP
ABI interpretations
- 0.6 - moderate peripheral artery disease
- 0.9-1.0 - normal
- above 1.1 - arterial calcification, limits compressibility of artery
HIPAA is specific about
- copies of medical records to other health care providers
- NOT
- discussing with other PTs
- sharing with insurance companies for reimbursement
- telling other patients info about a patient - protected health info but not HIPAA
minimum amount of force from a monofilament grade a patient can feel if they have protective sensation but not normal sensation
- 5.07 monofilament supplies least amount of force that can be sensed by patients with only protective sensation intact
muscular response of micturition
- contraction of detrusor and relaxation of pelvic floor
- if detrusor does not contract, result is incomplete bladder emptying
breast cancer metastatic sites
- CNS (not PNS)
- liver (not GI tract)
- lungs
- bones
respiratory distress symptoms
- tachypnea - most common
- sternal retraction
- paraoxic (asymmetrical) chest expansion
when you suspect appendicits, the pt should
- lie down and be as still as possible while you was for physician response
- NOT - food or water (can aggravate symptoms), no hot pack, no continuing exercise
pulmonary embolism symptoms
- chest pain
- hemoptysis - cough up blood from lungs
- cough
- diaphoresis
- dyspnea
- apprehension
- unilat LE edema d/t DVT that may have embolized - can cause pitting edema
prospective cohot
- investigators follow patients until outcome
retrospective cohort
- pts already had exposure or intervention and have already experienced outcome
cross-sectional study
- assess exposure and outcome at a single point in time
case control study
- classifies people based on whether they had outcome of interest, then looks retrospectively at different exposures
to palpate supraspinatus tendon, pts arm position should be
- shoulder extension and medial (internal) rotation
mobitz type I (wenckeback) is _ degree heart block and presents as _
- second degree heart block
- progressive prolongation of PR interval until one impulse is not conducted
premature junctional complex
- p wave inversion
first-degree heart block
- uniform but prolonged PR interval (> 0.20 seconds)
third-degree heart block
- variable P waves not related to QRS complexes
CV exercise prescription guidelines beneficial for a patient w/ dyslipidemia
- ## exercising at 40-80% of HRR, 5 or more times/week
a patient with a CVA should be encouraged trunk _ in transfers
- encourage trunk flexion
thumb spica
- for immobilization of thumb (1st digit)
- wear for 3 weeks w/ de quervain disease
posterior long arm splint
- does not immobilize thumb
- used to immobilize forearm in patients w/ smith fx
ulnar gutter splint
- on ulnar side of wrist
wrist cock-up splint
- used for posterior interosseous nerve syndrome or wrist extensor tenosynovitis
impaired proprioception in older adult may be d/t malabsorption of
- vitamin B12
extreme hyperextension can cause (knee)
- ACL tear
carpal bones
cerebellar lesions lead to _ tremors
- action tremors
- absent at rest, elicited during muscle activation
what tremors are associated with multiple sclerosis
- postural or intention tremors
what kind of tremors are with parkinsons
- tremors at rest
- 4-7 beats/second
tardive dyskinesia
- movement disorder that causes range of repetitive muscle movements in neck, face, arms, legs
- condition of nervous system, often d/t long-term use of psychadelic drugs
leg-calve-perthes disease likely to have what gait deviations
- trendelenburg
- NOT vaulting, in-toeing, toe-walking
euvolemia
- normal fluid balance
cleansers for infected wounds
- hydrogen peroxide
- dakin’s solution
- povidone-iodine
saline for beefy, red wounds
abdominal paradoxical breathing
- upward and outward motion of upper chest and inward motion of abdomen
hand power grip
- ROM in slight extension and ulnar deviation
medical outcomes studying (MOS)
- slef-report that covers physical function, role limitation d/t physical problems and emotional problems, fatigue, general health perceptions
goal attainment scale (GAS)
- measures achievement of slef-identified goals, does not indicate impact of goal attainment on quality of life
myositis ossificans treatment
- AROM in pain-free range initially
rupture of popliteus tendon results in
- decreased knee function
- difficulty unlocking knee from an extended position
rupture of plantaris
- feels like “pop”
- vestigal tendon - no significant role in function at knee or ankle
how hard should pts w/ guillain-barre syndrome work
- avoid overwork and fatigue
normal platelet count
150,000-400,000
normal WBC
- 4,500-11,000
