research Flashcards
1
Q
PICO
A
- patient/problem - target of interest
- intervention
- comparison
- outcome
2
Q
levels of evidence
A
3
Q
systematic review
A
- comprehensive review of med lit that uses explicit methods to systematically search, ID, appraise, and summarize all literature about a specific issue
- Cochrane
4
Q
meta-analysis
A
- systematic review that uses a statistical technique to derive an estimate of effect size by combining results of several randomized control trials to determine overall effectiveness of a treatment
- minimze problem of small sample size from individual studies - pooling of trials increases overall sample size
5
Q
randomized control trials (RCT)
A
- experimental research to assess relative effect of a specific intervention compared to a control condition
- pts randomized into control group and at least 1 experimental group
- control goup - no treatment or standard default treatment
- random assignment reduces bias and increases probability that differences btw groups are d/t intervention
6
Q
cohort study
A
- longitudinal, observational study
- individuals w/ a risk factor or exposure are followed over time to compare disease occurrence in the exposed group to that in a group not exposed
- measure of association is relative risk - ratio of incidence rate of exposed to that of controls
- prospectively and retrospectively
- limitations: excessive length of time, other variables can impact
7
Q
case control study
A
- retrospective, observational study
- individuals w/ a disease are matched with a comparison group of individuals without disease
- history of exposure and characteristics recorded through interview
- control group provides estimate of frequency and amount of exposure in subjects in population without disease
- measure of association btw exposure and occurrence of disease is odds ratio - ratio of oddds of exposure in diseased subjects to odds of exposure in non-diseased
8
Q
cross-sectional study
A
- observational study of data or observations made at only one point in time and all subjects tested at same time
- aims to describe relationship btw disease and factors of interest in a specified population at a given time
- describe prevalence of disease and demonstrate association
- cannot distinguish between newly occurring and long-established conditions
- cannot ID causal relationships
9
Q
case report or case series
A
- in-depth description of a condition or response to a treatment
- can be used to generate theories and hypotheses for future research
- cannot test hypotheses or establish cause-effect relationships
10
Q
institutional review board (IRB)
A
- scientists and non-scientists charged with protecting rights and welfare of participants in research
- review and approve research invoving human subjects
11
Q
informed consent for research
A
- statement that study involves research
- explanation of purpose of research
- description of procedures
- description of foreseeable risks
- description of benefits to subject
- disclosure of alternative procedures or treatments that might be advantageous
- description of who will have access to records that ID subjects
- explanation of compoensation if involves > minimal risk
- who to contact for answers about rights ro issues d/t study
- participation is voluntary
12
Q
types of data
A
- continuous: height, weight, distance, ROM; covers range with no gaps
- discrete: measured in whole units; HR, pts diagnosed w/ cancer, number of visits to PT
- dichotomous: yes or no, pass or fail, smoking or nonsmoking
- qualitative: categorical, non-numeric; eye color, blood type, hand dominance
- quantitative: numbers that represent counts of measurements
13
Q
scales of measurement
A
- nominal: qualitative, you can only be in one category; blood type, type of breath sounds, type of arthritis
- ordinal: ranking; MMT grades, level of assist, pain
- interval: temeprature, functional status tests
- ratio: distance walked, time to complete an activity
14
Q
internal consistency
A
- extent to which items or elements that contribute to measurement reflext one phenomenon or dimension
- ex: a functional assessment scale should only include items that relate to patients’ physical function
15
Q
intrarater reliability
A
- consistency of repeated measurements by one person over time
16
Q
interrater reliability
A
- consistency of measurements made by more than 1 person
17
Q
test-retest reliability
A
- consistency of repeated measurements of same person on different occasions
- can be affected by interval between tests, fatigue, learning
18
Q
face validity
A
- degree to which a measurement tests what it is supposed to
19
Q
content validity
A
- degree a measurement reflects meaningful elements of a construct and items in a test reflect domain of interest and not other extra things
- ex: McGill pain questionnaire is good bc it addresses analogue pain scale and ALSO intensity, location, quality, duration
20
Q
construct validity
A
- degree to which a theoretical construct is measured by a test
- ex: MMT scores would have construct validity as indicators of innervation status of muscle if there was a relationship between MMT scores and results of EMG testing
21
Q
criterion-related validity
A
- validity of measurement estabilished by comparing it to either different measurement often considered “gold standard”
22
Q
concurent validity
criterion related
A
- interpretation is justified by comparing to a gold standard at the same time
- ex: HR by palpation and ECG
23
Q
predictive validity
criterion related
A
- measurement is valid because it is predictive of a future event
- ex: use of GPA or GRE as admission criteria for grad school based on presumptive ability to predict future academic success
47
Q
bell curve
A
- kurtosis: peakedness of a distribution
- in a normal distribution, majority of data are clustered around mean - mean, median, and mode are all the same
- skewness: asymmetry of a distribution for (+) or (-) skey; whatever the skew is has the longer tail and the mean, then the median, then the mode
