PTFE CP Flashcards
1
Q
clots in R heart end up in _ and clots in L end up in _
A
- R to lungs
- L to brain
2
Q
_ valve in R side of heart and _ valve in L side of heart
A
- tricuspid valve - RA to RV
- mitral (bicuspid) valve - LA to LV
“try” before you “by”
3
Q
heart auscultation points
A
- A: atrial
- P: pulmonary
- E
- To: tricuspid
- Man: mitral
4
Q
normal heart rates
A
- newborn: 120-140
- 1-12 months: 80-140
- 1-3 years: 80-130
- 3-5 years: 8-120
- 6-12 years: 70-110
- 13-17 years: 55-105
- 18+ years: 60-100
5
Q
systole
A
- emptying
- “squeeze”
6
Q
heart sounds
A
- S1: AV closes - onset of systole
- S2: semilunar valve (pulmonar/aortic) close - onset of diastole
- S3 (abnormal): early diastole, associated w/ CHF, athletes
- S4 (abnormal): late diastole, MI or HTN
7
Q
BP classifications
A
- normal: <120/<80
- elevated: 120s/80
- stage 1 HTN: 130s OR 80s
- stage 2 HTN: 140s OR 90s
8
Q
preload
A
- amount of blood in ventricle at end of diastole (LVEDV)
- at end of filling
9
Q
afterload
A
- force LV must generate to overcome aortic pressure
- systemic vascular resistance
10
Q
stroke volume
A
amount of blood ejected w/ each contraction
11
Q
ejection fraction
A
- % of blood ejected from total volume of ventricle
- normal: 55-75%
12
Q
HR and SBP change _ w/ increased exercise
A
- linearly
13
Q
UE exercise vs LE exercise
A
- UE has 30% increase in sympathetic activity - increases HR more markedly
- BP increases more markedly in UE exercise d/t lower mechanical efficiency and recruitment for stabilizing postural muscleds
- UE exercises produces increased BP and HR response
14
Q
CN X (vagus nerve) activation does what?
A
- decreases HR and BP
15
Q
valsalva
A
- intrathoracic pressure increased aganist closed glottis
- collpased IVC and SVC reduce BP and HR
- overshoot of incr BP and decr HR during “phase 4” - overactivation of PNS
16
Q
INR
A
- normal is 1.0
- therapeutic range 2.0-3.0
- check w/ coumadin/warfarin
17
Q
white blood cells
A
- leukocytosis - too high (>11) -> infection
- leukopenia - too low (<4) -> chemo
- neutropenia - way too low (<1.5)
normal 5.0-10.0 10^6/L
18
Q
platelets
A
- thrombocytosis - too high (> 450)
- thrombocytopenia (< 150)
140-400 k/uL
19
Q
hematocrit
A
- polycythemia - too high
- anemia - too low
20
Q
normal vs abnormal EKG w/ exercise
A
- normal
- P wave increases in height
- R wave decreases in height
- J point depressed
- ST segment sharply up sloping
- Q-T interval shortens
- T wave decreases in height
- abnormal
- excess ST segment depression > 2 mm
- ST elevation > 1mm
- increase PR interval
- missing Q
- missing P
- increase/decrease wave time
21
Q
if you’re looking at EKG leads, PT should look at
A
- lead 2
22
Q
EKG interpretation
A
- P-wave: atrial depolarization
- P-R interval: atrial depolarization, SA to AV
- QRS complex: atrial repolarization, ventricular depolarization
- QT interval: ventricular depolarization and repolarization
- ST segment: time ventricles are depolarized
- T wave: ventricular repolarization
23
Q
heart block
A
- heart electrical system disease
- 1st degree: PR interval lengthened, delayed conduction from atria to ventricles through AV node
- 2nd degree- type 1: progressively longer PR interval
- 2nd degree - type 2: purkinje fiber diseaes, repeated P waves -> progress to complete heart block
- 3rd degree: block in purkinje system, life threatening
24
Q
breath sounds
A
- crackles/rale - CHF, pulmonary edema/fibrosis, infection of small bronchioles
- wheezes - high-pitched wheezing , asthma
- rhonchi - low pitched wheezing, pneumonia, bronchitis, COPD, cystic fibrosis
- stridor - high pitched airway, upper airway blockage
- cheyne-stokes respiration - rapid breathing followed by apnea/cardiac failure
25
Q
postural draininage
A
26
Q
aerobic exercise prescription
A
- 40-85% of HRR
- HRR = HRmax - HRrest
27
Q
indications/contraindications for cardiac rehab
A
- indications
- medically stable post MI
- stable angina
- CABG
- stable heart failure
- heart transplant
- valvular heart surgery
- pad, cad
- contraindications
- unstable angina
- uncontrolled HTN
- orthostatic BP drop
- aortic stenosis
- uncontrolled arrythmias
- pericarditis/myocarditis
- 3rd degree AV block w/o pacemaker
- uncontrolled PE/DVT
28
Q
cardiac rehab phases
A
- phase 1: inpatient, acute stay
- phase 2: OP phase
- phase 3: community program - self-regulated, 6-12 months
29
Q
calcium channel blockers
A
- decrease entry of Ca into vascular smooth muscle
- relax and widen BVs - diminished myocardial contraction, vasodilation, decrease O2 demand
- decreases HR and BP
- “-pine” & cardizem
- “cookie monster says PINE cones are a great Ca source”
30
Q
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
A
- decrease BP and afterload
- suppress enzyme that converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II (which vasoconstrics)
- results in decreased BP
- “-pril”
- “Ace-pril fools; aces -> now i can relax”
31
Q
positive ionotropic agents
A
- increase force of muscular contractions
- increases force and velocity of myocardial contraction, slows HR, decreases conduction through AV node (increases BP)
- digitalis/digoxin
- decreases HR for more efficiency
- “I DIG star wars & the force”
32
Q
beta blockers
A
- decrease myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing HR and contractility
- block action of beta receptors on SNS in lung, heart
- results in decreased HR and BP - interfere with bonding of epinephrine, norepinephrine
- “-lol”
- “If you use LOL on facebook, I beta block you”
33
Q
biot’s respiration
A
- ataxic respiration
- periodic breathing hyperpnoea and apnea
- poor prognosis, neuron damage
34
Q
kussmaul breathing
A
- metabolic acidosis/diabetes mellitus
- hyperpnoea - deeper breathing
- K - ketones
- U - uremia
- S - sepsis
- S - salicylates
- M - methanol
- A - aldehydes
- U
- L - lactic acid
35
Q
cheyne-stokes respiration
A
- periodic breathing: gradual hyperpnoea, hypopnoea, apnea
- shallow, deep, shallow, break
36
Q
obstructive vs restrictive lung disease
A
- obstructive: makes airways smaller, oreo milkshakes; COPD, emphysema, chronic brinchitis, asthma, CF
- restrictive: cannot fully fill lungs with air, restricted from full expansion; DMD, ALS, scoliosis
37
Q
lung diseases and volumes
A
- obstructive: decr VC, IRV, ERV; increased RV, FRC, TLC
- restrictive: decr everything
38
Q
hemoglobin cut off
A
- if < 8, don’t ambulate
- only “essential daily activities”
39
Q
hematocrit cut off
A
- <25% on essential ADLs
40
Q
PaO2
A
- normal > 80 mmHg
- no PT w/ partial pressure O2 < 60 mmHg
41
Q
glucose cut off
A
- normal 80-120
- no PT < 70 or > 300
42
Q
potassium cutoffs
A
- normal 3.5-5.0 for nerve impulse transmission, contractility of muscle
