gastrointestinal system Flashcards
1
Q
upper GI
Delete
A
- mouth - mechanical and chemical digestion
- esophagus
- stomach: grinding, secretion of HCl and hormones that release digestive enzymes from liver, pancreas, gallbladder to assist with digestion
2
Q
lower GI - small intestine
A
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
3
Q
lower GI - large intestine
A
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- signmoid colon
- rectum
- anus
4
Q
gland organs
A
- gallbladder: stores and releases bile into duodenum
- liver: bile produced for absorption of lipid soluble substances, assist with red blood cell and vit K production, regulates serum carbs, proteins, fats
- pancreas: exocrine - secretes bicarb and digestive enzymes; endocrine - secretes insulin, glucagon, other hormones into blood
5
Q
common GI pathologies
A
- esophagus: hiatal hernia, GERD, esophageal cx, dysphagia, varices, Barrett’s esophagus
- stomach: gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric cx, GI hemorrhage, motility/emptying disorders
- intestines: malabsorptions, appendicitis, IBS, Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis, colon cx, intestinal hernia, diverticular diseases
- rectum and anus: cx, hemorrhoids, anorectal fistula, rectal fissue
- gallbladder: gallstones, cholecystitis, cx
- liver: cirrhosis, jaundice, hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E, G), ascites, heptic encephalopathy, liver cx, hepatomegaly
- pancreas: pancreatitis (acute or chornic), DM, pancreatic cx
6
Q
kehr’s sign
A
- pn in left shoulder w/ abdominal palpation w/ pt in supine, legs elevated
- left shoulder pain that is caused by the irritation of the inferior surface of the diaphragm due to bleeding from a splenic rupture
7
Q
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
esophagus
A
- incompetent lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that allows reflux of gastric contents
- s/s heartburn, belching, chest pain, hoarseness
- -> barrett’s esophagitis
- douglas s/s
8
Q
gastritis
stomach
A
- inflammation of gastric mucosa or inner layer of stomach - similar s/s to GERD but w/ higher intensity
- erosive gastritis (acute): from NSAIDs, etoh, virus, trauma; dyspepsia, N/V; remove disease stimulus, pharm intervention
- non-erosive gastritis (chronic type B): result of helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, asymptomatic, treated aggressively, proton pump inhibitor
9
Q
gastritis s/t NSAID use may be _
A
asymptomatic
10
Q
peptic ulcer disease
A
- erosion of GI mucosa - imbalance btw protective mechanisms of stomach and secretion of acids within stomach
- many caused by H pylori and chronic NSAID use - risk increased by stress, etoh, meds, foods, smoking
- lots of same s/s but specific to H pylori - halitosis, rosacea, flushing
- pharm intervention or sx
- pain radiates from mid thoracic to RUQ and shoulder
11
Q
conditions associated w/ diarrhea and constipation
A
- diarrhea: IBS, hyperthyroidism, electrolyte imbalance, endocrine disorder, incomplete obstruction of bowel, diverticulitis, certain meds, caffeine, diet, malabsorption, pelvic inflam diseaes
- constipation: MS, SC tumors, IBS, DMD, endocrine disorder, diverticulitis, inactivity, bowel obstruction or fecal impaction, pregnancy, CVA, meds
12
Q
malabsorption syndrome
intestines
A
- reduced absorption and inadequate nutrition
- celiac, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic carcinoma, pernicious anemia, AIDS, Crohn’s, Addison’s
- s/t to defects in digestion
- s/s weight loss, chronic diarrhea, anemia, fatigue, abdominal bloating, steatorrhea (oil covered stools), abdominal crmpas, indigestions, bone pain, excessive gas
- treatment - avoid cause, take probiotics, antibiotics, diet modification, nutritional support
- increased risk for osteoporosis, patho fx
13
Q
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
A
- recurrent symptoms of upper and lower GI
- colon sensitive to certain foods or stress; could also be immune system, serotonin, bacterial infection; food, caffeine, smoking, alcohol
- s/s normal weird stomach stuff
- diagnosis of exclusion
- can have severe symptoms but does not lead to serious disease
- treatment w/ diet, pharm intervention, stress management
14
Q
diverticulitis
A
- inflamed or infected diverticula
- diverticulosis - condition of having diverticula (pouch0like protrusions in colon)
- most people are asymptomatic
- treatment: increased dietary fiber
- primary s/s is abdominal pain, tenderness over LLQ
about 25% of population
15
Q
hepatitis
A
- inflammatory processes in liver, most commonly viral (A, B, C, D, E, G) with A, B, C most common
- mostly viral, but can also be drug reaction of etoh abuse -> caused by other viruses: epstein-barr, herpes I and II, varicella-zoster, measles
16
Q
hepatitis A (HAV)
A
- virus affecting liver and function
- transmitted by close personal contact or fecal-oral (contaminated food or water)
- flu-like symptoms
- does not progress to chronic disease or cirrhosis of liver
- recovery in 6-10 weeks
- treatment supportive, virus self-limiting