nutrition

Question 1

macronutrients

Answer 1

• nutrients with caloric value that provide E
• carbohydrates: for high intensity exercise, main fuel for CNS, can be simple (increased blood glucose rapidly) or complex (increase blood glucose slowly over time)
• [glycemic index: how quickly specific food will raise blood glucose levels]
• fats: energy reserve in body, primary fuel for low intensity exercise; insulate, protect, transport; classified as saturated (animal fats, increase bad cholesterol/LDL) or unsaturated (in plant fats, increase good chol/HDL)
• proteins: structure of body, responsible for growth and maintenance of tissues; abundant in collagen fibers

Question 2

vitamins

Answer 2

• essential non-caloric nutrients required in small amounts for certain metabolic functions
• cannot be manufactured by body
• fat-soluble or water-soluble

Question 3

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 3

• absorbed by intestinal tract and stored in liver and fatty tissues
• require protein carriers
• can reach toxic levels
• A - eyes, epithelial tissues, normal growth and devel, repro
• D - increase blood flow levels of minderals (calcium and phosphorus)
• E - antioxidant in cell membranes, important for integrity of cells exposed to high levels of O2 like lungs and RBCs
• K - sythensis of at least two proteins involved in clotting

Question 4

water-soluble vitamins

Answer 4

• not stored in body in any significant amount - need to be in diet daily
• toxicity less common than fat-soluble vitamins
• B2 (riboflavin) - facilitates enzymes involved in carb, protein, and fat metab
• B3 (niacin) - facilitates enzymes that reulgate E metab
• B6 (pyridoxine) - metab of proteins, amino acids, carbs, fats
• B12 (cobalamin) - for functioning of all cells and aids in hemoglobin synthesis
• C - combat infections, facilitate wound healing’ necessary for development and maintenance of bones, cartilage, connective tissue, blood vessels
• biotin - necessary for action of many enzyme systems
• choline - necessary for nerve function and lipid metab
• folic acid - formation of RBCs and functioning of GI tract
• pantothenic acid - part of enzymes involved in metabolism of fatty acids

Question 5

complimentary and alternative medications (CAM) issues

Answer 5

• garlic: reported to exacerbate bleeding issues for patients taking prescription anticoagulants
• ginkgo biloba: increase risk of hemorrhage in pts using other anticoagulants
• ginseng: reported to reduce effects of anticoagulants and exaggerate effects of medications like insulin and oral antidiabetic meds
• kava: reported to cause liver toxicity
• St. John’s wart: reported to accelerate metab of some medications (warfarn, cyclosporine) and prevent others from reaching therapeutic levels

Question 6

minerals

Answer 6

• organic elements that fulfill essential roles in metabolic process

Question 7

major minerals

Answer 7

• calcium (Ca): facilitates muscle contraction and relaxation, builds strong bones and teeth, aids in coagulation
• chloride (Cl): facilitates maintenance of fluid and acid-base balance
• magnesium (Mg): builds strong bones and teeth, activates enzymes, helps regulate heartbeat
• phosphorus (P): strengthens bones, assists in oxidation of fats and carbs, aids in maintaining acid-base balance
• potassium (K): fluid and acid-base balance
• sodium (Na): facilitates acid-base balance, transmits nerve impulses, helps control muscle contractions
• sulfur (S): facilitates enzyme activity and energy metabolism

Question 8

trace minerals

Answer 8

• chromium
• cobalt
• copper
• fluorine
• iodine
• iron
• manganese
• selenium
• molybdenum
• zinc

Question 9

healthy eating

Answer 9

• fruit: 1.5-2 cups per day
• vegetables: 2.5-3 cups per day
• grains: 5-8 ounces per day
• protein: 5-6.5 ounces per day
• dairy: 3 cups per day
• oils: 5-7 tsp per day