geriatrics Flashcards
1
Q
sub optimal aging
A
feeling deleterious effects of normal physiological aging bc you aren’t engaging in preventative health care
2
Q
MSK changes w/ age
A
- sarcopenia: age-related loss of ability of muscles to regenerate, progressive loss of m mass and strength
- number of motor units decrease - each motor neuron must innervate larger number of muscle fibers, result in motor unit hypertrophy
- increase in fat mass, decrease in lean body mass - predictor of mobility restriction
- decreased bone mass and density - greater resorption than deposition, esp after 40s
- less water in articular cartilage - arthritis, decreased water in disks
- less extensible fascia, ligaments, tendons -> decreased ROM and flexibility
- type IIb fibers denervated and remaining motor unit hypertrophy
- 10% strength decline per decade, esp 60s and 70s
- decreased CSA of type II muscle fibers
- increased collagen stiffness d/t cross linkage btw fibers
3
Q
frailty syndrome
older adults
A
- unintentional weight loss
- muscle weakness
- slow gait speed
- exhaustion
- low physical activty
4
Q
NM changes with age
A
- decreased brain volume and conduction velocity
- increased ventricular size
- decreased periph nerve conduction velocity: decr ability to sense pain, decr joint proprioception and coordination, decr somatosensory input, impaired balance, increased gait instability
- decreased reaction speed
5
Q
CV changes with age
A
- CO decreases - less tolerance to exercise s/t decreased perfusion of peripheral tissues
- CO decr d/t decr venous return, arteriosclerosis effectign afterload esp in aorta, fibrotic changes in myocardium, decreased response to cardiac hormones
- increased BP, increased risk postural hypotension, decreased RHR, cardiac dysrhthmias
- increase myocyte volume in ventricles - encroaches on myocardium vasculature, increases risk for MI (decreased myocyte density but increased myocyte volume)
- greater risk for stroke, CAD, CHF
- decreased SA node pacemaker cells
- decreased sensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation
- increased calcification and fibrosis of heart. vales
- incr vascular tone -> incr BP
- decreased FEV1
- greater than 50% of all adults have some heart diseaes
if SV can be maintained w/ exercise, CO can be sustained despite low MHR
6
Q
pulm system changes with age
A
- stiffer chest wall, incr thoracic kyphosis
- diminished MSK pump - decreased VC of lungs and residvual volume incr
- decreased number and zie of alveoli, decreased expiratory flow rates, ciliary function in upper airways (more pneumonia)
- decreased strength/effectiveness of coughing
7
Q
integ changes with age
A
- decr dermal layer thickness, loss of elastin fibers
- loss of collagen - more prone to damage from shear forces
- pressure ulcers more common - vasc changes delay healing
- BV reduction in dermis - less thermoregulation
- decreased fever response
- decreased autonomic regulation of thermoreg responses
- decreased vasc, thickness, and elasticity of dermis
- increased pain threshold
- decreased subcutaneous adipose tissue
- decr sensory perception
8
Q
metabolic and endocrine changes with age
A
- basal metabolic rate decr with age
- changes in acid=base balance
- general decrease in hormone production and function
- higher blood glucose s/t reduction in beta cells in pancreas and peripheral resistance to insulin
- decreased insulin sensitivity
- decr hepatic insulin release control
- decr sensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation
9
Q
GI changes with age
A
- decr taste and smell - affect desire to eat
- loss of alveolar bone and dental issues - difficulty w mastication
- decr salivation
- loss of motility (peristalsis) - constipation and diverticulosis
- loss of control with sphincters
- decr E metabolism
- decr drug metabolism
- increased risk adverse side effects of meds
- decreased gastric acid production
10
Q
GU changes with age
A
- kidneys less effective s/t anatomic and physiologic changs like decr blood to kidneys, fewer nephrons, overalld ecrease in kidney size
- GFR decreases
- more difficult regulation of sodium levels in blood and clearance of some meds from body
- urinary frequency and nocturia
- prostate enlargement
- increased incontinence
- decr kidney function and filtration rate
- decr bladder capacity
11
Q
presbycusis
A
hearing loss in older adults
tinnitus also common with older adults
12
Q
working memory
A
- remembering info in middle of an activity
- items on grocery list
13
Q
episodic memory
A
personally experience events
14
Q
semantic memory
A
knowledge or facts
15
Q
procedural memory
A
performance of skills
