Structure of the airway Flashcards
what is respiration
providing oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide
what is inhalation
increasing size of thorax, lowering of diaphragm, negative intra-throacic pressure sucks air in, air must be warmed , filtered and humidified, raising ribs
what is exhalation
decreasing size of thorax, passive
what are the conductive passages
Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea , bronchi
what type of epithelium are in the nasal cavities
pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar, interspersed with goblet cells
what are the nasal cavities held open by
bone and cartilage
what is the nasal septum
midline structure that seperates the right and left nasal cavities
what is the nasal septum made of
anteriorly cartilage, posteriorly bone
what are the boundaries of the nasal cavities
nasal septum (medial), hard and soft palates (floor), bone (roof) nasal conchae (lateral)
what is turbulence
when air is filtered, humidified and warmed
what are the 3 nasal conchae
superior, middle, inferior
what do the nasal conchae
provide turbulence and increase SA for air flow and heat exchange
what is a meatus
found under each concha, spaces between conchae,
how do the air sinuses comminucate to the nasal cavity
open up into the meati
where are the orbits found
immediately lateral to the nasal cavity
what are the 3 sinuses
maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinus, frontal sinus
what do the sinuses do
they help to warm incoming air
what can cause sinunsitis
if the clearance of mucus is dependent upon ciliary action which may be compromised by infection, deviated septum
what does the nasolacrimal duct do
enters nasal cavity to drain tears from conjunctiva of the eye
vascular mucosa of the nasal cavity
nasal mucosal membrane is highly vascularised, vessels anastamose between the branches of the external and internal carotids
nasal cavity nerves: olfactory
olfactory nerves and olfactory bulb for sense of smell located in the roof and upper parts
what is the pharynx
tube of fibrous and musclar tissue
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx
nasal cavity (nasopharynx), oral cavity (oropharynx) layrnx (laryngopharynx)
what does the nasopharynx do
transports air
what does the oropharynx do
transports air and fluid, air passes into larynx , food and fluid into the laryngopharynx
what does the epiglottis do
stops food and fluid going to the larynx
what is the larynx?
membranous tube suspened between cartilage
what do the laryngeal diameters do
may be altered to allow passage of air only, control airflow for speech and raising intra-abdominal pressure
what are the laryngeal cartilages
epiglottic, thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid (emergency access to airway)
what is the only bone in the larynx
hyoid bone
where is the aryepiglottic fold
upper edge of the quandrangular membrane
where is the vestibular fold
lower edge of quandrangular membrane
where is the vocal fold
upper edge of cricothyroid membrane
what is the laryngeal inlet
protective sphincter which is made of aryepiglottic folds
how does the laryngeal inlet close
elevation of the larynx , lifted up and forward during swallowing
what is the saccule
Within the opening of the laryngeal ventricle is the saccule where mucosal glands lubricate vocal folds
what do the vocal folds control the laryngeal diameter for
speech, coughing , sneezing and raising intra-abdominal pressure , micturition, defecation
what opens the rima glottidis
muscles within and adjacent to the vocal folds narrow and widen the rima glottidis or alter their tension, open of vocal folds , posterior crico-arytenoid
main actions of the laryngeal muscles
- Close/open inlet (aryepiglottic folds)
- Close and open rima glottidis
- Shorten and lengthen vocal folds
what are the nerves in the larynx
superior laryngeal nerve - supplies 1 muscle and sensation ABOVE vocal cord
Recurrent laryngeal nerve - supplies other muscles and sensation below vocal cords
