Structure of the airway Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration

A

providing oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide

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2
Q

what is inhalation

A

increasing size of thorax, lowering of diaphragm, negative intra-throacic pressure sucks air in, air must be warmed , filtered and humidified, raising ribs

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3
Q

what is exhalation

A

decreasing size of thorax, passive

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4
Q

what are the conductive passages

A

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea , bronchi

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5
Q

what type of epithelium are in the nasal cavities

A

pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar, interspersed with goblet cells

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6
Q

what are the nasal cavities held open by

A

bone and cartilage

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7
Q

what is the nasal septum

A

midline structure that seperates the right and left nasal cavities

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8
Q

what is the nasal septum made of

A

anteriorly cartilage, posteriorly bone

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9
Q

what are the boundaries of the nasal cavities

A
nasal septum (medial), hard and soft palates (floor), bone (roof)
nasal conchae (lateral)
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10
Q

what is turbulence

A

when air is filtered, humidified and warmed

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11
Q

what are the 3 nasal conchae

A

superior, middle, inferior

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12
Q

what do the nasal conchae

A

provide turbulence and increase SA for air flow and heat exchange

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13
Q

what is a meatus

A

found under each concha, spaces between conchae,

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14
Q

how do the air sinuses comminucate to the nasal cavity

A

open up into the meati

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15
Q

where are the orbits found

A

immediately lateral to the nasal cavity

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16
Q

what are the 3 sinuses

A

maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinus, frontal sinus

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17
Q

what do the sinuses do

A

they help to warm incoming air

18
Q

what can cause sinunsitis

A

if the clearance of mucus is dependent upon ciliary action which may be compromised by infection, deviated septum

19
Q

what does the nasolacrimal duct do

A

enters nasal cavity to drain tears from conjunctiva of the eye

20
Q

vascular mucosa of the nasal cavity

A

nasal mucosal membrane is highly vascularised, vessels anastamose between the branches of the external and internal carotids

21
Q

nasal cavity nerves: olfactory

A

olfactory nerves and olfactory bulb for sense of smell located in the roof and upper parts

22
Q

what is the pharynx

A

tube of fibrous and musclar tissue

23
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A
nasal cavity (nasopharynx), oral cavity (oropharynx)
layrnx (laryngopharynx)
24
Q

what does the nasopharynx do

A

transports air

25
Q

what does the oropharynx do

A

transports air and fluid, air passes into larynx , food and fluid into the laryngopharynx

26
Q

what does the epiglottis do

A

stops food and fluid going to the larynx

27
Q

what is the larynx?

A

membranous tube suspened between cartilage

28
Q

what do the laryngeal diameters do

A

may be altered to allow passage of air only, control airflow for speech and raising intra-abdominal pressure

29
Q

what are the laryngeal cartilages

A

epiglottic, thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid (emergency access to airway)

30
Q

what is the only bone in the larynx

A

hyoid bone

31
Q

where is the aryepiglottic fold

A

upper edge of the quandrangular membrane

32
Q

where is the vestibular fold

A

lower edge of quandrangular membrane

33
Q

where is the vocal fold

A

upper edge of cricothyroid membrane

34
Q

what is the laryngeal inlet

A

protective sphincter which is made of aryepiglottic folds

35
Q

how does the laryngeal inlet close

A

elevation of the larynx , lifted up and forward during swallowing

36
Q

what is the saccule

A

Within the opening of the laryngeal ventricle is the saccule where mucosal glands lubricate vocal folds

37
Q

what do the vocal folds control the laryngeal diameter for

A

speech, coughing , sneezing and raising intra-abdominal pressure , micturition, defecation

38
Q

what opens the rima glottidis

A

muscles within and adjacent to the vocal folds narrow and widen the rima glottidis or alter their tension, open of vocal folds , posterior crico-arytenoid

39
Q

main actions of the laryngeal muscles

A
  • Close/open inlet (aryepiglottic folds)
    • Close and open rima glottidis
    • Shorten and lengthen vocal folds
40
Q

what are the nerves in the larynx

A

superior laryngeal nerve - supplies 1 muscle and sensation ABOVE vocal cord

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - supplies other muscles and sensation below vocal cords