Structure of the airway

Question 1

what is respiration

Answer 1

providing oxygen to the body and removing carbon dioxide

Question 2

what is inhalation

Answer 2

increasing size of thorax, lowering of diaphragm, negative intra-throacic pressure sucks air in, air must be warmed , filtered and humidified, raising ribs

Question 3

what is exhalation

Answer 3

decreasing size of thorax, passive

Question 4

what are the conductive passages

Answer 4

Nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea , bronchi

Question 5

what type of epithelium are in the nasal cavities

Answer 5

pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar, interspersed with goblet cells

Question 6

what are the nasal cavities held open by

Answer 6

bone and cartilage

Question 7

what is the nasal septum

Answer 7

midline structure that seperates the right and left nasal cavities

Question 8

what is the nasal septum made of

Answer 8

anteriorly cartilage, posteriorly bone

Question 9

what are the boundaries of the nasal cavities

Answer 9

nasal septum (medial), hard and soft palates (floor), bone (roof)
nasal conchae (lateral)

Question 10

what is turbulence

Answer 10

when air is filtered, humidified and warmed

Question 11

what are the 3 nasal conchae

Answer 11

superior, middle, inferior

Question 12

what do the nasal conchae

Answer 12

provide turbulence and increase SA for air flow and heat exchange

Question 13

what is a meatus

Answer 13

found under each concha, spaces between conchae,

Question 14

how do the air sinuses comminucate to the nasal cavity

Answer 14

open up into the meati

Question 15

where are the orbits found

Answer 15

immediately lateral to the nasal cavity

Question 16

what are the 3 sinuses

Answer 16

maxillary sinus, ethmoidal sinus, frontal sinus

Question 17

what do the sinuses do

Answer 17

they help to warm incoming air

Question 18

what can cause sinunsitis

Answer 18

if the clearance of mucus is dependent upon ciliary action which may be compromised by infection, deviated septum

Question 19

what does the nasolacrimal duct do

Answer 19

enters nasal cavity to drain tears from conjunctiva of the eye

Question 20

vascular mucosa of the nasal cavity

Answer 20

nasal mucosal membrane is highly vascularised, vessels anastamose between the branches of the external and internal carotids

Question 21

nasal cavity nerves: olfactory

Answer 21

olfactory nerves and olfactory bulb for sense of smell located in the roof and upper parts

Question 22

what is the pharynx

Answer 22

tube of fibrous and musclar tissue

Question 23

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx

Answer 23

nasal cavity (nasopharynx), oral cavity (oropharynx)
layrnx (laryngopharynx)

Question 24

what does the nasopharynx do

Answer 24

transports air

Question 25

what does the oropharynx do

Answer 25

transports air and fluid, air passes into larynx , food and fluid into the laryngopharynx

Question 26

what does the epiglottis do

Answer 26

stops food and fluid going to the larynx

Question 27

what is the larynx?

Answer 27

membranous tube suspened between cartilage

Question 28

what do the laryngeal diameters do

Answer 28

may be altered to allow passage of air only, control airflow for speech and raising intra-abdominal pressure

Question 29

what are the laryngeal cartilages

Answer 29

epiglottic, thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid (emergency access to airway)

Question 30

what is the only bone in the larynx

Answer 30

hyoid bone

Question 31

where is the aryepiglottic fold

Answer 31

upper edge of the quandrangular membrane

Question 32

where is the vestibular fold

Answer 32

lower edge of quandrangular membrane

Question 33

where is the vocal fold

Answer 33

upper edge of cricothyroid membrane

Question 34

what is the laryngeal inlet

Answer 34

protective sphincter which is made of aryepiglottic folds

Question 35

how does the laryngeal inlet close

Answer 35

elevation of the larynx , lifted up and forward during swallowing

Question 36

what is the saccule

Answer 36

Within the opening of the laryngeal ventricle is the saccule where mucosal glands lubricate vocal folds

Question 37

what do the vocal folds control the laryngeal diameter for

Answer 37

speech, coughing , sneezing and raising intra-abdominal pressure , micturition, defecation

Question 38

what opens the rima glottidis

Answer 38

muscles within and adjacent to the vocal folds narrow and widen the rima glottidis or alter their tension, open of vocal folds , posterior crico-arytenoid

Question 39

main actions of the laryngeal muscles

Answer 39

• Close/open inlet (aryepiglottic folds)
  
  • Close and open rima glottidis
  • Shorten and lengthen vocal folds

Question 40

what are the nerves in the larynx

Answer 40

superior laryngeal nerve - supplies 1 muscle and sensation ABOVE vocal cord

Recurrent laryngeal nerve - supplies other muscles and sensation below vocal cords