Intro to Carbohydrates Flashcards

Emily

1
Q

Monosaccharide structure

A
  • 3-6 C atoms

- Carbonyl group & hydroxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fischer projection

A

Most oxidised group at top (carbonyl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

L & D notations

A

Side of OH on chiral furthest from carbonyl:

  • Left = L
  • Right = D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Naturally occurring carbohydrate isomer

A

D isomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Aldoses

A

1 aldehyde group w hydroxyls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ketoses

A

1 ketone group w hydroxyls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

D-glucose

A

Aldohexose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Epimers

  • what
  • example
A
  • Differ at chiral centre (not one which determines L or D)

- D-glucose vs D-galactose (C4 = difference)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cylic structures

  • when occur
  • RHS goes…
A
  • 5/6 C, often in solution

- RHS goes BELOW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anomers

  • what
  • example
A
  • cyclic monosaccharides differing around C1/2

- glucose –> alpha vs beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Starch

  • function
  • 2 types
A
  • Plant energy storage

- Amylose, amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Amylose vs amylopectin

A
  • Unbranched, only a-1-4
    vs
  • Branched, a-1,4 & a-1,6
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cellulose

A

b-1,4 linkages

Glucose = in inverted orientation (e.g. C6 = above, then below)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cellulose in mammals

A

Passes through as ‘roughage’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glycogen

  • what
  • function
  • structure
  • storage
A
  • Most common polysaccharide in animals
  • Storage form of glucose
  • Branched –> glycosidic links a-1,4 and a-1,6
  • In liver & muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reducing sugar

  • ion change
  • colour change
  • reaction in monosaccharides
A
  • Cu2+ reduced to Cu+
  • Blue –> orange
  • Carbonyl group donates electrons (is oxidised)
17
Q

Spectrophotometer measures concentration using…

A
  • Absorbance

- Compare w absorbance of different known concentrations

18
Q

Measuring glucose conc over short time (example)

A

Urine dip-stick

19
Q

Galactosemia

  • caused by
  • effects
  • solution
A
  • Lack enzyme for galactose –> glucose SO accumulate galactose intermediates
  • Toxic effects in liver, brain etc (as energy dependent)
  • Avoid lactose
20
Q

Measuring glucose conc over long time (example)

A

Glycation

21
Q

How does glycation work x3

A
  • glucose enters rbcs
  • binds w haemoglobin
  • more glucose = more binding
22
Q

Why is glycation long-term

A

Rbcs have life-span of ~3 months

23
Q

Lactose

  • which monosaccharides
  • where is link
A
  • b-D-galatose + a/b-D-glucose

- b-1,4 glycosidic (b from galactose)

24
Q

Lactose intolerance

  • why
  • what happens
  • symptoms
  • causes
A
  • lack of lactase
  • lactose –> colon –> fermented by bacteria
  • stomach cramps, bloating etc
  • inherited OR developed