Microbial structure Flashcards

1
Q

what do eurkarotes have?

A

nucelus bound by double membrane
linear DNA
DNA organised into chromosomes :complexed with proteins
large complex ribosomes , many types of rRNA and proteins

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2
Q

what do prokaryotes have ?

A

no nucleus , has nucleoid no physical boundary
circular DNA
plasmids present
70S ribsomes

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3
Q

what are the structural features of eukaryotes

A

cytoplasm filled with large complex collection of organelles
Mitochondria with cristae
transcription requires movement and formation of mRNA for translation

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4
Q

what are the structural features of prokaryotes

A

no membrane bound organelles independent of plasma membrane
mesosomes used in aerobic respiration
transcription and translation occur simultaneously

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5
Q

structural components of bacteria

A
capsule 
pili
flagellae 
spores
slime 
cell wall
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6
Q

what does the capsule in bacteria do

A

protects cell from phagocytosis , dessication

loose polysaccharide stucture

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7
Q

what do pili/fimbriae do

A

appendage for bacterial conjugation, forms tube to transfer plasmids between bacteria, attachement, facilitates bacterial attachement to host surfaces , lectin proteins

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8
Q

what do flagellae do

A

organs for movement

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9
Q

what are spores

A

hard multilayered coats, hard to kill, long term survival

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10
Q

what is slime

A

helps to bind lots of bacteria together in a biofilm which makes it hard to get to to treat with antibiotics, protects against immune attack

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11
Q

what is gram positive

A

purple , has 2 layers, thick layer of PGN with LTA

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12
Q

what is gram negative

A

has 3 layers, LPS lipopolysaccharide , thin PGM , pink

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13
Q

how does gram staining work

A

primary stain (purple), trapping agent , decolourisation
gram positive traps stain so stays purple
gram negative washes stain away
counter stain applied

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14
Q

what is PGN

A

peptidoglycan , mesh like layer

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15
Q

what is LTA

A

lipoteichoic acid , provides cell rigidity

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16
Q

what is LPS

A

endotoxins, potent immune and inflammatory host repsonses

17
Q

how do bacteria replicate

A

they are self-replicating, reproduce by binary fission, bi-directional replication

18
Q

4 phases of bacterial growth

A

lag, log/exponential, stationary, death

19
Q

what is the lag phase

A

active cell growth (size), preparation for replication

20
Q

what is the log phase

A

max rate of cell division,

21
Q

stationary phase

A

exhaustion of nutrients,,rate of cell death is the same as new cells, cessation of growth

22
Q

death phase

A

number of cells dying exceeds the number of new cells,

23
Q

bacteria recombination

A

conjugation - transferring plasmids
transdution - exchange of DNA from bacteriophage
transformation - take up DNA from environment

24
Q

how to class bacteria

A

gram stain, cell shape, atmospheric preference, key enzymes, fastitdiousness

25
Q

what are the structures in viruses

A

nucleic acid, capisd, envelope, spikes

26
Q

what is the capsid in viruses

A

protein coat/shell

27
Q

what is the envelope in viruses

A

amorphous structure, lipid, protein and carb

28
Q

what are spikes in viruses

A

glycoprotein projections arising from envelope, highly antigenic

29
Q

how do viruses replicate

A

uses host’s cellular machinery to replicate

30
Q

what are the steps of viral replication

A

adorption(attaches to cell) penetration (inserts its DNA)replication, assembly, maturation, release

31
Q

naked virus release

A

autolysis

32
Q

envelope virus release

A

budding of cell membrane , no inclusion bodies

33
Q

what are protozoa

A

single celled eukaryotes ,

34
Q

examples of protozoa

A

malaria, giardiasis , toxoplasmosis , cryptoporidiosis

35
Q

what are fungi and how do they reproduce

A

eukaryotic , reproduce asexually by budding

36
Q

fungal infections

A

candidasis , cryptococcosis , aspergillosis , ringworm

37
Q

what are helminths

A

parasitic worms

38
Q

helminth infections

A

schistosomisasis, trichiuriasis, tapeworm