Genetic & Environmental Causes of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

5 chemical agents that contribute to disease/injury

A
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • Dust
  • Drugs
  • Food
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2
Q

Effects of smoking on health x4

A
  • Mutagenic –> cancer
  • Inflammation –> COPD (bronchitis, emphysema)
  • Nicotinic receptors –> increases b.p. & heart rate
  • CO levels –> can cause intrauterine growth retardation
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3
Q

Effects of alcohol on health x4

A
  • Larger doses = increased risk of cirrhosis
  • Alcohol metabolism:
    - decreases CNS function
    - creates reactive O2 = damages lipid membranes
    - teratogenic –> causes foetal developmental decay
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4
Q

Effects of dust on health x3

A
  • Asthma
  • Hayfever
  • Asbestos –> can damage mesothelium
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5
Q

Effects of dugs on health x1

A
  • Side effects of therapeutic drugs
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6
Q

Effects of food on health x2

A
  • Allergic reactions

- Some foods could have connections w prevalence of some kinds of cancer

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7
Q

3 agents of human disease

A
  • Infectious agents
  • Chemical agents
  • Physical agents
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8
Q

3 physical agents that contribute to disease/injury

A
  • Mechanical injury
  • Thermal injury (e.g. hypothermia, fever)
  • Radiation (e.g. UV)
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9
Q

4 infectious agents that contribute to disease/injury

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Yeasts
  • Fungi
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10
Q

Tropism of infectious disease determines… x2

A
  • Which host they’ll infect (e.g. cats not humans)

- Which part of the body will be infected (e.g. salmonella = only GI tract)

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11
Q

Modes of infectious transmission x5

A
  • Droplet, blood, water etc.
  • Fomites –> transferred to an object = then picked up
  • Horizontal –> patient to patient
  • Vertical –> mother to child (through placenta)
  • Zoonoses –> between species
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12
Q

Define heritability

A

The extent that observed differences are due to genes

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13
Q

Familial traits could be due to… x4

A
  • Genes
  • Social learning (environment)
  • Operant conditions (rewards)
  • Chance
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14
Q

Types of studies used to measure heritability x4

A
  • Family studies
  • Twin studies
  • Adoption studies
  • Migrant studies
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15
Q

Problems with twin studies

A
  • Monozygotic might share more environment than dizygotic –> e.g encouraged to spend more time together
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16
Q

Immigration studies look at… (& example)

A

Change in environment

- e.g. prevalence of disease over time, as environment changes –> if purely genetic, would be unaffected

17
Q

Heritability ‘equation’

A

Phenotype = enviornment + genes + (genes x environment)

18
Q

Example of gene environment interactions

A
  • An environmental influence could be needed to make a gene work
19
Q

Hardy Weinberg Principle

A

Relative proportions of different genotypes will remain constant from one generation to another
–> BUT not always true

20
Q

Sickle cell anaemia & malaria

A

More malaria = more sickle cell

  • As sickle cell may protect against it encouraging the trait
  • SO heterozygous = blood okay, more malaria-resistant –> survival advantage