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Semester 1 flashcards > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What regulatory systems does the endocrine system control?

A
  • Regulation of cellular metabolism.
  • Maintenance of homeostasis (Ca++).
  • Sexual development and reproduction.
  • Grwoth and development from childhood to adult.
  • Modulates long term behaviour (mood, sleep).
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2
Q

Give some properties of the endocrine system.

A
  • 2nd integrative control system of the body.
  • Much slower to act than the nervous system.
  • Actions are mediated by hormones.
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3
Q

Define endocrine glands.

A

Endocrine glands have no ducts, they secrete and release hormones directly into the blood.

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4
Q

Define hormones.

A

Hormones are ‘chemical messengers’ that act on target cells through specific receptors.

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5
Q

What are the three classes of hormones?

A

1) Proteins.
2) Steroids.
3) Amino acid derivatives.

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6
Q

How do glands develop?

A

All glands develop from epithelial cells, cords of cells develop and grow down into the underlying tissue.

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7
Q

What are the two types of glands/secretion?

A

Exocrine and endocrine, paracrine is the third type of secretion/signalling.

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8
Q

Types of exocrine glands with examples?

A
  • Simple tubular gland = intestinal glands.
  • Simple coiled tubular gland = Sweat gland (skin).
  • Simple tubular branched gland = Glands of the stomach and uterus.
  • Simple acinar/alveolar gland = Sebaceous gland of the skin.
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9
Q

What is the difference between the branched glands of the stomach and uterus compared to the branched glands of the tongue and oesophagus?

A

In the stomach and uterus there is no excretory duct but in the tongue and oesophagus there is a short excretory duct.

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10
Q

Describe the structure of exocrine glands.

A

secretory cells in the acini of the glands secrete into the middle of the acinus and the secretions are carried out through the lumen of the duct out to the skin/pancreas etc.

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11
Q

What is a property of endocrine glands?

A

They are ductless.

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12
Q

Endocrine glands have poor blood supply, true or false?

A

False, they have good blood supply.

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13
Q

How do hormones enter the blood stream from endocrine glands?

A

The endocrine glands are highly vascularised and fenestrations allow the hormones to enter into the bloodstream

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14
Q

Are the endocrine glands made of of one cell or multiple?

A

They exist as a group of cells, they can be all one type or multiple.

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15
Q

what is the function of paracrine secretion?

A

Cell to cell communication- inducing changes in adjacent cells (e.g. Peptide neurotransmitters).

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16
Q

What period of development is paracrine signalling important in?

A

It is important in embryogenesis where gradients of polypeptides induce developmental change.

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17
Q

Define Exocrine signalling/secretion.

A

Exocrine: hormone secretion into ducts to (usually) external environment.

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18
Q

Define Endocrine signalling/secretion.

A

Endocrine; hormones are secreted into the blood and acts at long distance.

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19
Q

Define Paracrine signalling/secretion.

A

Paracrine: local hormones diffuse a short distance to other cells.

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20
Q

Give some examples of glands in the endocrine system.

A

Pineal, Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal.

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21
Q

Talk about the concentration of hormones in blood.

A
  • They have very low concentrations.

- Concentrations vary (episodic/diurnal etc.) (periodic release vs. at specific time of day).

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22
Q

How are steroid and thyroid hormones transported in the blood?

A

They are transported by specific carrier/binding proteins.

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23
Q

When is the hormone in the blood biologically active?

A

Only when free and not bound to the carrier protein.

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24
Q

What is the benefit of these carrier/binding proteins?

A
  • Improves solubility.
  • Inc. half life (not filtered out by kidney).
  • Provides a reserve in the blood (stored).
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25
Q

What hormones do the cell membrane receptors bind to?

A

Peptides, glycoproteins and catecholamines.

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26
Q

What hormones do the intracellular receptors in the nucleus bind to?

A

Steroids and thyroid hormones.

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27
Q

How do hormones act?

A

All hormones act by binding to receptors.

28
Q

What must target cells do?

A

Target cells must present receptors (lock and key).

29
Q

What are receptors made of?

A

Receptors are always proteins.

30
Q

What are protein hormones and how would they be administered in drug form?

A

They are chains of amino acids and are usually injected.

31
Q

What are amino acid derivative hormones?

A

Thyroid hormones or Catecholamines (adrenalin, dopamine, noradrenalin).

32
Q

What are steroid hormones and how would they be administered in drug form?

A

Synthesised from cholesterol normally administered in oral form).

33
Q

What does the anterior pituitary develop from?

A

Develops from the epithelium of the mouth.

34
Q

What does the posterior pituitary develop from?

A

Is a downgrowth of the hypothalamus (consists of nerve fibres).

35
Q

What are endocrine axes/cascades?

A

The target tissue of one hormone is another endocrine gland- this allows amplification and control.

36
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Secretes hormones (neurohormones) that control the secretion and release of pituitary hormones.

37
Q

What do pituitary hormones do?

A

Pituitary hormones stimulate/control many other endocrine glands (thyroid, gonads etc.).

38
Q

What are the two functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Controls release of Ant. pituitary hormones via releasing hormones.
  • It also secretes hormones that are stored and released by the Post. lobe of the pituitary gland.
39
Q

What hormones are stored and released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone.

40
Q

What hormones are secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

1) Growth hormone (GH).
2) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
3) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
4) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
5) Lutenising hormone (LH).
6) Prolactin.

41
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Stores hormones which are secreted by neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.

42
Q

Two hormones released by the pituitary?

A

1) Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin).

2) Oxytocin.

43
Q

Example of an endocrine axes/cascade?

A
  • Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
  • GnRH stimulates secretion of pituitary FSH.
  • FSH stimulates the gonad to secrete oestrogen or testosterone.
44
Q

What stops endocrine cascade systems?

A

The final product of a cascade acts to inhibit a hormone higher up the cascade.

45
Q

Where is an important site of negative feedback in many hormone systems?

A

The hypothalamus.

46
Q

Where does the thyroid gland lie?

A

It lies anterior to the trachea in the neck.

47
Q

How does the thyroid develop and what is the structure, formed as a byproduct of this

A

The thyroid develops as a down growth of the epithelium of the tongue, it leaves a pit at the back of the tongue known as the foramen caecum.

48
Q

Follicular cells in the thyroid produce which two hormones?, What does this require and how are they stored?

A

Follicular cells secrete Tri-iodothronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4), these both require Iodine and are stored in a colloid (gel) form.

49
Q

What does thyroxin regulate?

A
  • Energy use (rate of metabolism).
  • Protein production (growth and development).
  • Regulates sensitivity of cells to other hormones.
50
Q

What do parafollicular cells (C-cells) produce?

A

They produce Calcitonin which regulates calcium homeostasis and stimulates oesteoblasts.

51
Q

What is a common symptom of both hypo- and hyperthyroidism?

A

Goiter/swelling at neck.

52
Q

Where do parathyroid glands develop from?

A

They develop from the wall of the pharynx.

53
Q

Where are the parathroid glands (2) located?

A

They are embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid.

54
Q

What do the parathyroid glands produce?

A

Parathyroid hormone.

55
Q

What do the parathyroid glands regulate?

A

They regulate calcium homeostasis, stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix and therefore increased blood calcium levels.

56
Q

Describe the structure of the adrenal glands.

A

Cortex (outer part of the gland) and medulla (centre of gland).

57
Q

What are the three layers of epithelial cells in the cortex of the adrenal glands?

A

1) Zona glomerulosa
2) Zona fasciculata
3) Zona reticularis

58
Q

Where did the medulla develop from?

A

The neural crest cells.

Neuroectoderm

59
Q

Where did the adrenal cortex develop from?

A

It develops from the mesoderm of the posterior abdominal wall.

60
Q

What does each zone of the adrenal cortex produce?

A

1) Zona Glomerulosa = Mineralocorticoids e.g. Aldosterone.
2) Zona Faciculata = Glucosteroids e.g. cortisol
3) Zona Reticularis = Sex steroids (androgens) and also cortisol.

61
Q

What does the adrenal medulla contain and what do they produce?

A

Contains chromaffin cells which produce catcholamines like;

  • Epinepherine,
  • Norepinepherine,
  • Dopamine.
62
Q

What is the adrenal gland directly connected to?

A

Direct connection to the sympathetic nervous system (flight or fight response).

63
Q

What causes Cushings syndrome?

A

Over-production of cortisol.

64
Q

Describe the development of the pancreas.

A

Develops as an out growth of the gut tube, closely associated with the development of the gall bladder.

65
Q

Describe the exocrine component of the pancreas (and a disorder related to it).

A

Exocrine pancreatic acini produce pancreatic amylase etc. (disorder- pancreatitis).

66
Q

Describe the endocrine component of the pancreas (and a disorder related to it).

A

Endocrine Islets of Langerhans produce hormones;
-Alpha cells = Glucagon.
-Beta cells = Insulin.
(disorder- Diabetes mellitus).

Semester 1 flashcards (33 decks)

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