Chronic inflammation Flashcards
Aidan
When does chronic inflammation tend to occur?
After recurrent episodes of acute inflammation.
Some chronic inflammation may appear without any observable acute response, true or false?
True. (this is primary chronic inflammation)
What are the two types of leprosy?
One where the immune response seems to be dormant and the other where the immune response seems active, this means symptoms will differ.
What is resistance of infective agents to phagocytosis and intracellular killing an example of?
Primary chronic inflammation, i.e. tuberculosis, leprosy.
What are foreign body reactions to endogenous materials an example of?
Primary chronic inflammation. i.e. gout (may be acute or chronic).
What does the umbrella term arthritis mean?
inflammation of the joints.
What is foreign body reactions to exogenous materials, e.g. Asbestos?
An example of primary chronic inflammation
What are rheumatoid arthritis and some other autoimmune diseases an example of?
Primary chronic inflammation.
What can specific diseases of unknown aetiology. e.g. ulcerative colitis, an example of?
Primary chronic inflammation.
What are primary granulomatous diseases, e.g. sarcoidosis and example of?
Primary chronic inflammation.
What are granulomas?
Accumulation of inflammatory cells into lumps of all cell types which can occur anywhere in the body, like organs, and cause organ failure
What factors can cause progression from acute to chronic inflammation?
1) Indigestible substances e.g. glass or suture material.
2) Deep seated supperative inflammation where drainage is delayed or inadequate.
3) Recurent episodes of acute inflammation and healing may result in the clinicopathological entity of chronic inflammation.
What could cause inadequate or delay of drainage?
Thick abscess wall, fibrous/granulation tissue, pus becomes organised or it forms fibrous scar.
Why are deep seated chronic abscesses like osteomyelitis difficult to treat.
zit is difficult to get an adequately high concentration of antibiotics into them.
What does chronic inflammation look like?
- Chronic ulcer
- Chronic abscess cavity e.g. osteomyelitis.
- Thickening of the wall of a hollow viscus.
- Granulomatous inflammation e.g. tuberculosis.
- Fibrosis.
What are the properties of a chronic ulcer?
- Mucosa breached.
- Base lined by granulation tissue.
- Fibrous tissue throughout muscle layers (in peptic ulcer), this causes damage.
WHat is another name for lymphocytes which expand their cytoplasms to produce lots of antibodies?
Known as activated B-cells or plasma cells.
What is chronic inflammation in regards to cells?
An inflammatory process in which lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages predominate.
Usually accompanied by the formation of granulation tissue resulting in fibrosis.
List the properties of macrophages.
Considerable phagocytic capabilities, can ingest a wide range of materials, relatively large cells, produce a range of important cytokines.
What two things activate macrophages once they migrate to the area of inflammation?
- Macrophage actiavtion factor (MAF).
- Migration inhibition factor (MIF).
What is a problem with macrophages?
They can harbour viable organisms resistant to lysosomal enzymes which means they are hidden away from the bodies immune response, e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
What happens when macrophages are in different tissue environments?
They are given different names depending on where they are found and they are altered by their environment.
What are granulomas?
It is an aggregate of epitheliod histiocytes.
What is a histiocyte?
A histiocyte is a macrophage in connective tissue.
What are the properties of a granulomatous inflammation?
Little phagocytic activity and some secretory function.
What are the properties of a typical granuloma?
- Central giant cells and sometimes caseation (necrotic core).
- Surrounded by epithelioid histiocytes.
- Peripheral rim of activated lymphocytes.
What is a typical example of granulomatous inflammation?
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).
What are the causes of granulomatous disease?
- Specific infections.
- Foreign bodies (Endogenous/Exogenous).
- Specific chemicals.
- Drugs.
- Unknown.
What are the properties of the causative agents of granulomatous inflammation?
They are often indigestible foreign bodies or foreign infections.
What might a granulomatous inflammation develop?
Gaseous necrosis or giant cells.
