Chronic inflammation

Question 1

When does chronic inflammation tend to occur?

Answer 1

After recurrent episodes of acute inflammation.

Question 2

Some chronic inflammation may appear without any observable acute response, true or false?

Answer 2

True. (this is primary chronic inflammation)

Question 3

What are the two types of leprosy?

Answer 3

One where the immune response seems to be dormant and the other where the immune response seems active, this means symptoms will differ.

Question 4

What is resistance of infective agents to phagocytosis and intracellular killing an example of?

Answer 4

Primary chronic inflammation, i.e. tuberculosis, leprosy.

Question 5

What are foreign body reactions to endogenous materials an example of?

Answer 5

Primary chronic inflammation. i.e. gout (may be acute or chronic).

Question 6

What does the umbrella term arthritis mean?

Answer 6

inflammation of the joints.

Question 7

What is foreign body reactions to exogenous materials, e.g. Asbestos?

Answer 7

An example of primary chronic inflammation

Question 8

What are rheumatoid arthritis and some other autoimmune diseases an example of?

Answer 8

Primary chronic inflammation.

Question 9

What can specific diseases of unknown aetiology. e.g. ulcerative colitis, an example of?

Answer 9

Primary chronic inflammation.

Question 10

What are primary granulomatous diseases, e.g. sarcoidosis and example of?

Answer 10

Primary chronic inflammation.

Question 11

What are granulomas?

Answer 11

Accumulation of inflammatory cells into lumps of all cell types which can occur anywhere in the body, like organs, and cause organ failure

Question 12

What factors can cause progression from acute to chronic inflammation?

Answer 12

1) Indigestible substances e.g. glass or suture material.
2) Deep seated supperative inflammation where drainage is delayed or inadequate.
3) Recurent episodes of acute inflammation and healing may result in the clinicopathological entity of chronic inflammation.

Question 13

What could cause inadequate or delay of drainage?

Answer 13

Thick abscess wall, fibrous/granulation tissue, pus becomes organised or it forms fibrous scar.

Question 14

Why are deep seated chronic abscesses like osteomyelitis difficult to treat.

Answer 14

zit is difficult to get an adequately high concentration of antibiotics into them.

Question 15

What does chronic inflammation look like?

Answer 15

• Chronic ulcer
• Chronic abscess cavity e.g. osteomyelitis.
• Thickening of the wall of a hollow viscus.
• Granulomatous inflammation e.g. tuberculosis.
• Fibrosis.

Question 16

What are the properties of a chronic ulcer?

Answer 16

• Mucosa breached.
• Base lined by granulation tissue.
• Fibrous tissue throughout muscle layers (in peptic ulcer), this causes damage.

Question 17

WHat is another name for lymphocytes which expand their cytoplasms to produce lots of antibodies?

Answer 17

Known as activated B-cells or plasma cells.

Question 18

What is chronic inflammation in regards to cells?

Answer 18

An inflammatory process in which lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages predominate.

Usually accompanied by the formation of granulation tissue resulting in fibrosis.

Question 19

List the properties of macrophages.

Answer 19

Considerable phagocytic capabilities, can ingest a wide range of materials, relatively large cells, produce a range of important cytokines.

Question 20

What two things activate macrophages once they migrate to the area of inflammation?

Answer 20

• Macrophage actiavtion factor (MAF).

- Migration inhibition factor (MIF).

Question 21

What is a problem with macrophages?

Answer 21

They can harbour viable organisms resistant to lysosomal enzymes which means they are hidden away from the bodies immune response, e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Question 22

What happens when macrophages are in different tissue environments?

Answer 22

They are given different names depending on where they are found and they are altered by their environment.

Question 23

What are granulomas?

Answer 23

It is an aggregate of epitheliod histiocytes.

Question 24

What is a histiocyte?

Answer 24

A histiocyte is a macrophage in connective tissue.

Question 25

What are the properties of a granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 25

Little phagocytic activity and some secretory function.

Question 26

What are the properties of a typical granuloma?

Answer 26

• Central giant cells and sometimes caseation (necrotic core).
• Surrounded by epithelioid histiocytes.
• Peripheral rim of activated lymphocytes.

Question 27

What is a typical example of granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 27

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).

Question 28

What are the causes of granulomatous disease?

Answer 28

• Specific infections.
• Foreign bodies (Endogenous/Exogenous).
• Specific chemicals.
• Drugs.
• Unknown.

Question 29

What are the properties of the causative agents of granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 29

They are often indigestible foreign bodies or foreign infections.

Question 30

What might a granulomatous inflammation develop?

Answer 30

Gaseous necrosis or giant cells.