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Semester 1 flashcards > Body plan (DR) > Flashcards

Body plan (DR) Flashcards

Aidan

1
Q

What are the two parts of the skull?

A

Viscerocranium (facial skeleton) and Neurocranium (brain box).

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2
Q

What is the function of the skull?

A

The skull houses the organs of special sensation (i.e. vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell), maintains the airway, and supports the proximal parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

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3
Q

What are some structures protected in the neurocranium?

A

The cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem.

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4
Q

What are the joints between the flat plates of bone in the skull called?

A

Suture joints (fibrous).

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5
Q

Name the suture joints of the skull.

A

Coronal (frontal), Sagittal (Medial), Lamboydal (Y-shaped at anterior portion).

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6
Q

What is different about the bones of the viscerocranium compared to the neurocranium?

A

The viscerocranium (facial skeleton) consists of irregular bones, several of which are hollow and contain the paranasal air sinuses.

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7
Q

What are bones with air cells or sinuses known as?

A

Pneumatised bone.

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8
Q

What is the name of the joint where the lower jaw attaches to the skull?

A

Temporomandibular joint.

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9
Q

What is the anatomical name for the lower jaw?

A

Mandible.

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10
Q

What kind of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

A

Atypical synovial joint.

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11
Q

What do the muscles of facial expression insert into?

A

They insert into the skin of the face, not bone, so that when they contract the skin moves.

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12
Q

How are the muscles of facial expression arranged?

A

They are arranged as spchinters and dilators around the orbit, nasal cavity and oral cavity.

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13
Q

What is fascia?

A

Fascia is fibrous connective tissue, consisting of collagen for flexibility, that encloses and separates anatomical structures (i.e. muscles and organs).

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14
Q

What are the compartments of the neck?

A
  • The neck as a whole compartment enclosed within the investing fascia.
  • Two vascular compartments consisting of the nuerovascular bundle (arteries, veins, nerves).enclosed in the carotid sheath.
  • One visceral compartment consisting of the larynx, trachea, pharynx, oesophagus, thyroid glands, and parathyroid glands enclosed within the pretracheal fascia.
  • One vertebral compartment consisting of the muscles surrounding the cervical vertebrae enclosed within the prevertebral fascia.
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15
Q

How many compartments are there in the neck?

A

Five in total.

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16
Q

What are the five regions of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum and Coccyx.

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17
Q

How many vertebrae in the Cervical region?

A

Seven.

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18
Q

How many vertebrae in the Thoracic region?

A

Twelve.

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19
Q

How many vertebrae in the Lumbar region?

A

Five.

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20
Q

How many vertebrae in the Sacrum region?

A

Five (fused).

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21
Q

How many vertebrae in the Coccyx region?

A

3-4 (fused).

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22
Q

How many total vertebrae?

A

Thirty two/Thirty three (depending on the Coccyx).

23
Q

What are the specialised intervertebral joints called?

A

Intervertrebral discs.

24
Q

What does the vertebral column enclose?

A

It encloses the vertebral canal (within which the spinal cord lies).

25
Q

What does the trunk consist of?

A

The Thorax, Abdomen, pelvis and perineum

26
Q

What separates the Thoracic cavity from the Abdominal cavity?

A

The diaphragm.

27
Q

What is considered to be the inferior boundary of the abdomen?

A

The pelvic brim.

28
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the pelvic cavity?

A

The pelvic diaphragm.

29
Q

What is the pelvic diaphragm and what is inferior to it?

A

The pelvic diaphragm consists of a sheet of muscles that support the pelvic viscera. Inferior to the pelvic diaphragm is the region known as the perineum.

30
Q

What surrounded the lungs and the pericardium in the thoracic cavity?

A

Parietal and visceral layers surround the lungs and pericardium.

31
Q

What lines the body cavities?

A

Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium).

32
Q

What does the mesotheluim do?

A

Lines the body cavities and secretes fluid to provide friction free surfaces between the body wall and the viscera.

33
Q

What is the outer layer of mesothelium called?

A

The outer layer that lines the body wall is known as the parietal layer.

34
Q

What is the inner layer of the mesothelium called?

A

The inner layer that covers the viscera is known as the visceral layer.

35
Q

What is the mesothelium composed of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

36
Q

What are the muscles of the thoracic wall known as?

A

The external, Internal and innermost intercostal mucsles.

37
Q

What are the muscles in the abdominal wall called?

A

These are the external oblique, Internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles. (rectus abdominis too)

38
Q

What is the rectus abdominis?

A

A strap-shaped muscle that lies vertically on either side of the midline of the abdomen (‘six pack’).

39
Q

What structures support the walls of the thoracic cavity and play an important role in the mechanics of breathing?

A

The ribs, Thoracic vertebrae and Sternum.

40
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body and xiphoid process.

41
Q

What supports the abdominal wall?

A

The lower ribs, Lumbar vertebrae and bony pelvis.

42
Q

What is the function of the pelvis?

A

The pelvis transmits the weight of the upper body to the lower limbs and also transmits the forces of locomotion to the trunk.

43
Q

What three bones make up the acetabulum?

A

The Ilium, Ischium and the Pubis.

44
Q

What is similar between the upper and lower limbs?

A

The types of joints is mirrored. (i.e. ball and socket, hinge, carpal/tarsal, metacarpal/tarsal, Phalanges).

45
Q

What attaches muscles to bones?

A

Tendons.

46
Q

What are muscles enclosed by?

A

Deep fascia.

47
Q

What is similar between muscles in the same compartment?

A

They tend to share the same function and typically share the same nerve supply.

48
Q

Which way do the flexor and extendor muscles lie in the upper limb?

A

Flexor-Anterior.

Extensor-Posterior.

49
Q

Which way do the flexor and extendor muscles lie in the lower limb?

A

Flexor-Posterior.

Extensor-Anterior.

50
Q

Why are the flexor and extensor muscles in the arms and legs in opposite arrangements to each other?

A

During development the lower limb is medially rotated compared to the upper limb.

51
Q

Name the muscle compartments in the arm.

A

Anterior and posterior (to the Humerus/Radius and Ulna.

52
Q

Name the muscle compartments in the upper leg.

A

Anterior, Posterior and Medial.

53
Q

Name the muscle compartments in the lower leg.

A

Anterior, Posterior and lateral.

Semester 1 flashcards (33 decks)

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