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Semester 1 flashcards > Musculoskeletal system (DR) > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal system (DR) Flashcards

Aidan

1
Q

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

Cranium, cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and the sacrum.

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2
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpals, phalanges in each upper limb; Hip bone, femur, tibia , fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges in each lower limb.

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3
Q

What is a nutrient foramen used for?

A

It is the channel through which arteries and veins will pass in order to supply the medullary cavity of the bone.

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4
Q

Where is the nutrient foramen usually found on the bone?

A

Usually found in the middle third of the bone shaft.

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5
Q

What is the definition of a sesamoid bone?

A

It is a bone that is embedded in tendon/muscle.

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6
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone.

A

The kneecap and some bones in the thumb and on the bottom of the foot are sesamoid bones.

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7
Q

What is one way to classify joints?

A

By type of tissue present;

  • Fibrous.
  • Cartilaginous.
  • Synovial.
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8
Q

Name the suture joints of the skull.

A

Coronal, Sagittal and lamboidal.

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9
Q

What is the type of joint that holds the teeth in place?

A

Gomphosis joint (peg and socket)

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10
Q

What type of joint are the suture joints of the skull?

A

Fibrous joint.

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11
Q

What type of joint are the gomphosis joints that hold the teeth in place?

A

Fibrous joint.

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12
Q

Give some examples of a fibrous joint.

A 
Gomphosis joint (teeth),
Suture joints (flat bones of cranium),
Syndesmosis (radius and ulna).
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13
Q

Give an example of a syndesmosis joint.

A

The intraosseous membrane that connects the radius and ulna.

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14
Q

What is the movement in fibrous joints like?

A

Movement is very very limited

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15
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

Fibrous joints are where bones are united with fibrous tissue.

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16
Q

Give three examples of secondary cartilaginous joints.

A

Inter vertebral discs,
Manubriosternal joint,
Symphasis pubis.

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17
Q

Where do secondary cartilaginous joints occur?

A

They occur in the midline.

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18
Q

What are the two types of cartilage found in cartilaginous joints?

A

Fibrocartilage
OR
Hyaline cartilage.

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19
Q

What are the properties of secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

They are strong, are only slightly movable and the bones unite with fibrocartilage.

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20
Q

What are the features that influence joint stability?

A

Shape of the bones involved, arrangement and tone of surrounding muscle,
the presence and position of the ligaments around it.

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21
Q

What is the name of the socket of the hip joint?

A

The acetabulum.

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22
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Arthritis is a disease caused by the degradation of the articular (hyaline) cartilage in the joints

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23
Q

Example of a plane joint?

A

The acromioclavicular joint.

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24
Q

Example of a hinge joint?

A

Knee/Elbow/Proximal and Distal interphalangeal joint.

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25
Q

Example of a saddle joint?

A

Joint at the base of the thumb (first carpometacarpal joint).

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26
Q

Example of a condyloid joint?

A

Metacarpal-phalangeal joint (ball and beaker).

27
Q

Example of a ball and socket joint?

A

Hip joint.

28
Q

Example of a pivot joint?

A

Atlanto-axial joint.

29
Q

Which is more stable and why?

Hip joint or shoulder joint?

A

Hip joint as it is a full ball and socket, the shoulder joint doesn’t have as deep a socket.

30
Q

What are the two types of ligaments that can reinforce synovial joints?

A

Extrinsic (outside of the joint capsule), or Intrinsic (inside the joint capsule and causes a thickening of the joint capsule).

31
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone?

A

The scapula is an irregular bone and as such has several epiphyses present around the glenohumeral joint.

32
Q

What is the acetabulum and what bones form it?

A

The acetabulum is the socket of the hip joint and is formed by the three bones of the hip

33
Q

What are the three bones that form the acetabulum?

A

The ilium, ischium and pubis.

34
Q

What are the fontanelles?

A

The gaps between the large flat bones of the skull (specifically the calvaria) before they fuse.

35
Q

How do the bones of the calvaria develop?

A

They develop by intramembranous ossification and the membranous parts, the fontanelles, persist post-natally.

36
Q

What evidence of bone growth may be seen on a radiograph?

A

Epiphyseal lines.

37
Q

Describe unipennate muscles structure.

A

Muscle fibres attach on only one side of the tendon.

38
Q

Give an example of a unipennate muscle.

A

Exstensor digitorum longum (thumb extensor).

39
Q

Describe the structure of bipennate muscle.

A

Feather-shaped where the muscle fibres attach at two sides of the tendon.

40
Q

Advantage/disadvantage of bipennate muscle structure?

A

High force production but less range of motion available.

41
Q

Describe the structure of multipennate muscles.

A

Central tendon which branches into two or more tendons.

42
Q

Give an example of a multipennate muscle.

A

Deltoid muscle.

43
Q

Describe the function of a quadrate muscle.

A

Generally work as stabilisers as well as their primary functions.

44
Q

Give an example of a quadrate muscle?

A

Quadratus femoris.

45
Q

Describe the structure of fusiform muscles.

A

Muscles which bulge in the middle and are attached by tendons at either end.

46
Q

Give an example of a fusiform muscle?

A

Biceps.

47
Q

Describe the structure of circular muscles.

A

These appear circular in shape and are generally sphincters muscles.

48
Q

Give two examples of circular muscles?

A

Orbicularis oris and Orbicularis oculi.

49
Q

Describe the structure of multiheaded muscles.

A

Heads are the muscles point of origin/attachment so these muscles have multiple points of attachment.

50
Q

Give an example of a multiheaded muscle.

A

Biceps and Triceps.

51
Q

What are aponeurosis?

A

Tendons that are shaped like flat sheets.

52
Q

Give an example of an aponeurosis?

A

Rotator cuff in (lower) arm.

53
Q

What are the two ways that muscle fibres can be arranged?

A

In parallel or oblique to the line of pull of the muscle

54
Q

What are the properties of a parallel arrangement of muscle fibres?

A

It shortens significantly with contraction but the muscle has limited power.

55
Q

What are the properties of an oblique arrangement of muscle fibres?

A

They cannot shorten to the same extent as a parallel arrangement but have much more power as there is a larger number of fibres packed into the same unit area.

56
Q

What is abduction?

A

Moving something further away from the midline.

57
Q

What is adduction?

A

Moving something closer to the midline.

58
Q

What is medial rotation?

A

Rotating the limbs inwards towards the body (arms can extend this movement through so they are touching the back).

59
Q

What is lateral rotation?

A

Rotating the limbs out from the midline.

60
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Rotating the joint fully, e.g. drawing circle with fingers as arm is held directly out to side.

61
Q

What are the two most common types of arthritis?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

62
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Where the roughening and thinning away of the smooth cartilage lining the joint can result in bony spurs and the shape of the bone changing or being forced out of their normal position.

63
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Caused by the immune system mistakenly sending antibodies to the cartilaginous lining of the joints where they attack the tissue around it which forces the synovium to become inflamed and can release chemicals which harm the surrounding tissues

64
Q

What happens if rheumatoid arthritis is left untreated?

A

The chemicals released by the synovium can cause enough damage that the joint will gradually lose its shape and alignment and eventually it can destroy the joint completely.

Semester 1 flashcards (33 decks)

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