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Semester 1 flashcards > Pancreas and Liver > Flashcards

Pancreas and Liver Flashcards

Rebecca

1
Q

overall what is the exocrine function of the pancreas and liver

A 
accessory organ for intestines 
provides excretions (digestive enzymes, HCO3)directly into intestine lumen
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2
Q

overall what is the endocrine function of the pancreas and liver

A

regulate blood borne energy substrate avaliable (after absorption) via hormones - glucose , fatty acids

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3
Q

what are the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas

A

digestive pro-enxymes are secreted via the pancreatic duct into the 2nd part of the duodenum

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4
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

retroperitoneal except its tail, lies behind the lining of the abdomnial cavity, difficult to acces and is close to major blood vessels

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5
Q

what does the main pancreatic duct combine with

A

the common bile duct from the liver and gall bladder which then combine together and both enter the duodenum

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6
Q

where does the portal vein form in relation to the pancreas

A

behind the neck of the pancreas at L1

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7
Q

pancreatic blood supply

A

mainly via splenic artery from coeliac trunk

pancreatic-duodenal (superior and inferior and anterior and posterior) arteries from SMA or coeliac trunk

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8
Q

main exocrine functions of the pancreas

A

primary - neutralise acid (coming just from stomach)

deliever enzymes for macronutrient digestion in duodenum

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9
Q

what are acinar cells

A

main secretory cells in the pancreas, clusters connected by intercalated ducts

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10
Q

what else is in the intercalated ducts in the pancreas other than acinar cells

A

lining cells add ions and secretions after the acinar cells

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11
Q

what regulates exocrine release in the pancreas during the cephalic phase

A

vagus nerve stimulates secretions by releasing ACh and VIP

25% of secretions

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12
Q

what regulates exocrine release in the pancreas during the gastric phase

A

medicated by vagovagal relfexes (10%)

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13
Q

what regulates exocrine release in the pancreas during the intestinal phase

A

hormonally by secretin and CCK (65%)

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14
Q

when are zymogen granules secreted

A

in response to CCK and VIP

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15
Q

what are zymogen granules

A

house inactive and active digestive enzymes

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16
Q

how are zymogen granules secreted

A

exocytosed (regulated hormonally and neurally) from acinar cells into luminal space

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17
Q

where do ion and serous fluid secretion occur

A

acinar and intercalated duct cells

18
Q

how do the acinar cells release ions

A

basolateral CCK and ACh binding stimulates CL transport (facilitates paracellular Na)

19
Q

how do intercalated ductal cells secrete ions

A

secretin and ACh bind in ductal cells , activated cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulators

20
Q

what alters ionic concentration

A

flow rate of secretions

increased flow rate - HCO3 increases , Cl decreases

21
Q

where is the liver located

A

lies across upper abdomen under diaphragm, surronded by peritoneum except from bare area (may be palpable )

22
Q

what is Glisson’s capusle

A

surronds the liver, CT layer with extensions into the organ between lobules

23
Q

what is the liver’s supply of nutrients from the stomach and gut

A

hepatic portal vein

24
Q

what does the hepatic artery supply

A

hepatocytes with oxygen

25
Q

how is bile drained in the liver

A

via canaliculi that lie between the hepatocytes into bile ductules and eventually into bile ducts

26
Q

where is th venous drainage in the liver

A

by hepatic veins that enter via IVC

27
Q

liver and surronding anatomy

A

has right and left lobes separated by falciform ligament
quadrate lobe next to gall bladder
caudate lobe next to IVC (posterior)
bare area is diaphragmatic surface of liver

28
Q

what are the functions of the liver

A
  • synthesis and secretion of bile
  • storage of glucose, glycogen, proteins, vitamins and fat
  • detoxification of metabolic waste
  • synthesis of blood clotting and anticoagulant factors (fibrinogen and prothrombin)
29
Q

what are the components of bile

A

bile acids, electrolytesm cholesterolm phospholipds and bilirubin

30
Q

how are bile pigments (mainly bilirubin) dervived

A

breakdown product of haemoglobin (kupffer cells)

31
Q

what are bile agents responsible for

A

the detergent and emulsifying effect of bile on fats , increase absorption of fats by the small intestine

32
Q

what do hepatocytes do

A

secrete bile into the canaliculi across the series of bile ducts until form common hepatic duct

33
Q

what way is bile flow

A

bile flow from hepatocytes is in the opposite direction of blood from hepatic artery and portal vein

34
Q

where does the bile travel to

A

goes from common bile duct into the duodenum or into the gall bladder

35
Q

what does the sphincter of Oddi control

A

the path of the bile

  • contracted the bile mainly goes to gallbladder
  • relaxed mainly goes to duodenum
36
Q

what is the sphincter relaxtion regulated by

A

primarily by CCK

37
Q

what do bile acids do

A

emulsify lipids

38
Q

what does the gall bladder do

A

stores and distributes bile - in concentrated form, less is needed to have the same effect

39
Q

how does the gall bladder release bile

A

contracts to expel bile in response to CCK

40
Q

what does vagal stimulation do to the gall bladder

A

causes weak gall bladder contraction

41
Q

what inhibits bile acid secretion in gall bladder

A

somatostatin and noradrenaline

42
Q

what are the non-biliary liver functions

A

metabolism of CHO , protein and fat - glycogen

detoxification - removal of ammonia, ethanol, drug biotransformation

immune system function - removal of intestinal bacteria from portal blood so none in systemic circulation

Semester 1 flashcards (33 decks)

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