Structural & Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue Flashcards by Draper Kauffman

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

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where do cranial nerves emerge from

the base of the brain

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how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

31 pairs

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spinal nerves emerge form where

spinal cord

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what are specialized cell that monitor the chain of the internal and external environment

Such as photoreceptors in the retina of the eye

Sensory receptors

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what are Small masses of nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies that are located outside the brain and spinal cord

Ganglia

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what are Extensive network of nerves that are located in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract that help regulate the digestive system.

Enteric Plexus

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what are the three basic functions of the nervous system

Sensory function = afferent

Integrative function

Motor function = efferent

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out of the 3 basic function of the Nervous system which one Detect internal and external stimuli and carry information into brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves

Sensory function (afferent)

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out of the 3 basic function of the Nervous system which one deals with Perception and Analyzes and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses

Integrative function

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out of the 3 basic function of the Nervous system which one is described as the integration occurs the brain may elicit motor response to muscles or glands (effectors) via cranial and spinal nerves.

Motor function

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Nervous tissue consists of two cells

Neurons

Neuroglia

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out of the two Nervous tissue which one Provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system

Neurons

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out of the two Nervous tissue which one provides Function to provide support, nourishment, and protection

Neuroglia

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what are the parts of the neuron

dendrites

cell body

axon

axon terminals

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Parts of the Neuron:

what part contains the Nucleus, cytoplasm with typical organelles

Cell body

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Parts of the Neuron:

what part is highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body

Dendrites

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Parts of the Neuron:

what part Conducts away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle or gland and Emerges at cone-shaped axon hillock

Axon

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Parts of the Neuron:

what part Contain synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters

Axon terminals:

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what are Structural Classes of Neurons

Multipolar

Bipolar

Unipolar

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what are Structural Classes of Neurons Has several or many dendrites and one axon and is Most common type in brain and spinal cord

Multipolar

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what are Structural Classes of Neurons Has one dendrite and one axon

Bipolar

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what are Structural Classes of Neurons has fused dendrite and axon and Sensory neurons of spinal nerves

Unipolar

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what are the Functional Classes of Neurons

Sensory = afferent

Motor = efferent

Interneurons = association neurons

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what Functional Class of Neurons Convey impulses into CNS (brain or spinal cord)

Sensory = afferent

what Functional Class of Neurons Convey impulses from brain or spinal cord out through the PNS to effectors (muscles or glands)

Motor (efferent)

what Functional Class of Neurons Located within the CNS and Transmit impulses between neurons, such as between sensory and motor neurons

Interneurons (association neurons)

what are the characteristics Neuroglia

Support, nourish, and protect neurons Critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons Cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons Make up about half the volume of the CNS

what are the Functions of Neuroglia

Do NOT generate or conduct nerve impulses In case of injury or disease, neuroglia can multiply to fill in space formerly occupied by neurons

what are the type of Neuroglia

Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia Ependymal Schwann Satellite cells

Astrocytes form what

blood brain barrier (CNS)

Oligodendrocytes produce what

myelin in CNS (CNS)

Microglia protects what

CNS cells from disease (CNS)

Ependymal cells form what

CSF in ventricles (CNS)

Schwann cells produce what

myelin around PNS neurons (PNS)

Satellite cells support what

neurons in PNS ganglia (PNS)

Most axon are surrounded by a what and for what purpose

myelin sheath Insulates the axon and speeds up the nerve impulse

Myelin increases a what stages of birth

birth to maturity

Gaps in myelin along the axon are called

Nodes of Ranvier

What diseases destroy myelin sheaths

Multiple Sclerosis and Tay-Sachs

a cluster of neuron cell bodies are divided into what two subcategories

Ganglion Nucleus

Cluster of cell bodies in PNS are referred to what

Ganglion

Cluster of cell bodies in CNS

Nucleus

Bundle of axons in PNS are called

Nerves

Bundle of axons in CNS are called

tract

white matter is Primarily

myelinated axons

what makes up grey matter

Cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon | terminals, neuroglia

in the spinal cord what type of mater is identified by the "H" or "butterfly" shape what type of matter surrounds the "H" or "butterfly" shape

grey matter white matter

Axons and dendrites in the PNS can be repaired if what

cell body is intact | and Schwann cells functional.

even if cell body is intact Regeneration of CNS neurons is ______, why

limited Inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth-stimulator cues

Action potentials, or nerve impulses, allow for ?

communication between neurons

what is required for action potential

resting membrane potential Ion channels

what is required for action potential

resting membrane potential Ion channels STIMULUS

characterize a resting membrane potential

charge difference across cell | membrane (polarization)

characterize Ion channels

Allow ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration

Action potentials are part of a series of events that activate cell membranes where

neuron or muscle fiber

STIMULUS Triggers resting membrane to become more permeable to

Sodium (Na+)

STIMULUS Causes enough Na+ to enter cell so that cell membrane reaches threshold of ?

-55 mv

If threshold is reached what happens

an action potential arises(“all or nothing response”)

what are the type of conduction

Continuous conduction Saltatory conduction

which type of conduction is slower and In unmyelinated axons, currents flow across adjacent portions of the plasma membrane

Continuous conduction

which type of conduction In myelinated axons, Nodes of Ranvier allow impulses to “leap” from one node to the next

Saltatory conduction

Synapses allow neurons to communicate with

other neurons or effectors

how is Synaptic Transmission triggered

by action potential

what are the components of synapse

Presynaptic neuron = Sending neuron Synaptic cleft = Space between neurons Postsynaptic neuron =Receiving neuron

in a Synaptic Transmission Action potential arrives where

presynaptic neuron’s end bulb

describe what happens Action potential arrives at presynaptic neuron’s end bulb

(e) Opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels 1) Ca2+ flows into presynaptic cytosol (f) Increased Ca2+ concentration causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (g) Neurotransmitter (NT) released into cleft (h) NT diffuse across cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane (i) NT acts as chemical trigger, opening ion channels which changes the voltage across the postsynaptic cell membrane (j) Postsynaptic cell membrane may be depolarized or hyperpolarized, depending on which ions were admitted (k) If threshold reached (-55mV) then postsynaptic AP results and nerve impulse is triggered (l) One-way transmission: Action potentials can only travel in one direction from dendrite to axon. (m) NT removed from cleft via diffusion, destruction by enzymes such as Achase, or transport back into presynaptic cell (recycling)

what are the Neurotransmitters

Acetylcholine (ACh): Common in PNS Amino acids Modified amino acids Neuropeptides such as endorphins Nitric oxide (NO)

Central Nervous System consist of

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

where are the sources of thoughts, emotions, and memories

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System Includes all the nervous tissue where

outside the central nervous system Include the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia and sensory nerves

Peripheral Nervous System can be divided

Somatic nervous system (SNS) Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Enteric nervous system (ENS)

Somatic Nervous System Sensory neurons Convey info from

head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors for special senses (vision, hearing, taste smell) to CNS

Somatic Nervous System Motor neurons Conduct impulses from where to where

CNS to skeletal muscles | voluntary control

Autonomic nervous system Sensory neurons Convey information from receptors in the ___ to where

visceral organs (stomach and lungs) to CNS

Autonomic nervous system Motor neurons Conduct impulses from ____ to where

CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary control)

Autonomic nervous system Motor neurons is subdivided into

Sympathetic: “fight or flight" Parasympathetic: “rest and digest”

Enteric Nervous System “Brain of the gut” Sensory neurons Monitor _____, where

chemical changes in GI tract, stretching of | walls

Enteric Nervous System “Brain of the gut” Motor neurons Regulate what

contractions, acid secretion, endocrine cell | secretions