Clinical Care of the Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the heart rate range for Normal Sinus Rhythm?

Answer 1

60-100 beats/min

Question 2

A normal NSR will have what wave? What will that wave be followed by?

Answer 2

P wave

QRS complex

Question 3

What action will cause a NSR to disappear?

Answer 3

holding your breath.

Question 4

What will cause sinus bradycardia?

Answer 4

increased vagal tone on normal pacemaker,

Disease of the SA node,

medications use

Question 5

Severe Bradycardia is classified at what threshold?

Answer 5

< 45 beats/min

Question 6

Healthy individuals may have a HR of 50bpm, T or F?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

In a bradycardia ECG what will be the bpm?

Answer 7

Heart rate < 60 beats/min

Question 8

In a bradycardia ECG with the P, QRS, and T wave be normal?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

what should be the initial treatment of a stable bradycardia patient

Answer 9

treat the underlying cause

Question 10

what should be the medication of choice to treat a unstable bradycardia

Answer 10

Atropine 0.5mg every 3-5min max dose 3mg

Question 11

does Atropine work for patients that has undergone a heart transplant

Answer 11

No

Question 12

what should be the secondary medication of choice to treat a unstable bradycardia

Answer 12

Dopamine IV infusion at 2-10 mcg/kg/min

Question 13

What is the bpm criteria to be considered sinus tachycardia?

Answer 13

faster than 100 beats/min

Question 14

what causes sinus tachycardia

Answer 14

fever, 
exercise
emotion
pain 
anemia
heart failure
pregnancy
early shock
thyrotoxicosis
alcohol withdrawal or in response to many drugs.

Question 15

what is the QRS complex duration

Question 16

what is normal BP

Answer 16

<120/<80

Question 17

what is elevated BP

Answer 17

120-129/<80

Question 18

what is stage 1 hypertension

Answer 18

130-139 / 80-89

Question 19

Stage 2 hypertension

Answer 19

> =140 / =>90

Question 20

how is essential hypertension defined

Answer 20

with no single cause can be identified

Question 21

what are risk factors for essential hypertension

Answer 21

sympathetic hyperactivity

abnormal cardio vascular development

renin angiotensin

defects in natriuresis

Question 22

what exacerbates essential hypertension

Answer 22

smoking

obesity

excessive alcohol

Question 23

how is secondary hypertension defined

Answer 23

a cause is identifiable

or BP is controlled with multiple medication

Question 24

how many BP must be taken to Diagnose with high blood pressure

Answer 24

3 - 5 separate occasions

Question 25

patients with secondary high blood pressure may have a displaced what

Answer 25

point of maximum impulse

Question 26

what treatment yields the most results for hypertension

Answer 26

lifestyle modification

diet
weight loss
reduction of alcohol intake
increase PT

Question 27

what are first line medication to treat hypertension

Answer 27

diuretics -hydrochlorothiazide

angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACEi

Question 28

if a patient has hypertension with no signs of end organ damage what would be the diagnosis

Answer 28

hypertensive urgency

Question 29

if a patient has hypertension with signs of end organ damage what would be the diagnosis

Answer 29

hypertensive emergency

Question 30

what are signs found in a emergency hypertensive patient

Answer 30

end organ damage

neuro deficits

new murmurs

bruits

Question 31

what is the treatment for urgency hypertension

Answer 31

lower Diastolic BP under 110 over 24 hrs

Question 32

what medications is used to treat for hypertension urgency if patient is already prescribed HCTZ

Answer 32

if PT already on HCTZ give one 25mg dose PO

if prior HTN medication is unknown give one 25mg dose po

Question 33

what medications is used to treat for hypertension urgency if patient is not already prescribed HCTZ

Answer 33

oral alpha blocker

Question 34

what is the goal in treating hypertensive emergency

Answer 34

reduce BP by 25% within 1-2 hrs

then decrease to 160/100 over 24 hrs

Question 35

Atherosclerotic Disease is primarily found where

Answer 35

arterial endothelium

Question 36

what is atherosclerotic disease

Answer 36

plaque build up in the