Principles of Pharmacy Flashcards
What is the prescription form number
DD 1289
what is the Poly prescription form number
NAVMED 6710/6
Controlled substances are written on what prescription form
DD 1289
hand written prescriptions must include what information
Pt. Full name, SSN & DoDID#
Date prescription written
Patient age or DOB
full name of drug
form or drug
dosage/size/strength in metric
quantity to be dispensed
directions for the Pt.
Legible signature of the provider.
Refill authorization.
what are the general principles of pharmacology
actions
reactions
response
drug interactions.
define pharmacokinetic
Activities of the drug after it enters the body.
ie. absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
fundamental concept in pharmacokinetics
elimination of drugs from the body.
define absorption
transfer of the drug from the body fluids to the tissues
what are the 4 types of absorption
Active absorption
Passive absorption
pinocytosis
Bioavailability
characterize Active absorption
Carrier molecule actively moves the drug across the membrane
characterize passive absorption
Diffuse across a membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
define Pinocytosis
Cells engulf the drug particle across the cell membrane
Think PACKMAN
Bioavailability is a sub category of what process
absorption
define Bioavailability
percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation
when drugs are taken orally bioavailability occurs only after what
drug has been absorbed and metabolized by the liver
Oral drugs that have a first pass hepatic metabolism may only have a bioavailability of what percentage
20-40%
IV medication bioavailability of what percent
100%
what are factors that alter bioavailability
drug form and Solubility
admin route
dysfunction of the Liver
food and drugs
GI mucosa and motility
define distribution
Movement of drug throughout the body typically on proteins (albumin)
define Therapeutic effect
Drug levels in blood to produce desired effect
drug level is too high it is referred to as
Toxic
drug level is too low it is referred to as
decreased effect
define Metabolism
Chemical reaction, liver converts drug to inactive compound
where does metabolism happen
Kidneys
Intestinal mucosa
Liver
Lungs
Plasma
define Excretion
Elimination of drugs from the body.
define half life
Time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug.
what increases a medications half life
Kidney, Liver disease and old age
define Pharmacodynamics
Drug’s actions and effects within the body.
what are the two categories of Pharmacodynamics:
Primary or desired effect
Secondary effects (side effects) – desired or undesired.
define Physical dependence
A compulsive need to use a substance
repeatedly to avoid mild to severe withdrawal symptoms
Psychological dependence
A compulsion to use a substance to
obtain a pleasurable experience
Pharmacogenetic disorder
genetically determined abnormal
response to normal doses of a drug.
Receptor
specialized macromolecule that binds to the drug molecule, altering the function of the cell and producing the therapeutic response.
characterize Alterations in Cellular Environment
drug that alters cellular function can increase or decrease the physiologic functions of the cell
Ex: Increased heart rate, decrease blood pressure.
Therapeutic Response
Alteration of cell to achieve the desired response.
Agonist
Drug that binds with a receptor to produce the
therapeutic response.
Antagonist
Drug binds to receptor stronger than the
agonist thus producing no pharmacologic effect Ex: Narcan
is antagonist to morphine.
Adverse reaction
Adverse reaction
Allergic reaction
A drug reaction that occurs because the
individual’s immune system views the drug as a foreign
substance.
Drug idiosyncrasy:
Any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug that a patient can
have, that do not occur in the vast majority of patients taking the same drug
Drug tolerance
decreased response to a drug, requiring an
increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect.
Cumulative drug effect:
A drug effect that occurs when the body has
not fully metabolized a dose of a drug before the next dose is given
Toxic
harmful drug effect if it is delivered in high dose or
when blood concentration levels exceed therapeutic level
Pharmacogenetics Reactions
Inherited traits that cause abnormal
metabolism of the drug
Pharmaceutic phase
The dissolution of a drug. Usually applying to the breakdown
of tablets.
Drug Interactions
When one drug interacts with or interferes with the
action of another drug.
Additive drug reaction
reaction that occurs when the combined
effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone
Synergism
drug interaction that occurs when drugs produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions.
Antagonist Drug Reaction
When one drug interferes with the
action of another, causing neutralization or a decrease in the effect
of one drug.
Drug - Food Interactions
Drug given orally, food may impair or
enhance its absorption
what personal factors influence drug response
Age
weight
gender
disease
route of administration
drug use and pregnancy
