stress and immune responses

Question 1

what is stress`

Answer 1

exposure to harm or threat

causes physiological changes hr/br

Question 2

where does a stress response begin

Answer 2

nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 3

where is ATCH released from

Answer 3

pituitary gland

Question 4

what does acth cause release of

Answer 4

glucocorticods from the adrenal cortex

Question 5

which system to stressors activate

Answer 5

sympathetic nervous system

Question 6

what is released from the sympathetic nervous system caused by stressors

Answer 6

adrenaline and nor adrenaline

Question 7

where is adrenaline and nor adrenaline released from

Answer 7

adrenal medulla

Question 8

what effect do stressors have on cytokines

Answer 8

stressors increase the production of cytokines

Question 9

define psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 9

effect of the mind on health and drug resistance

Question 10

what is the link betwee stress and gastric ulcers

Answer 10

higher levels of stress = more susceptible to gastric ulcers

Question 11

what bacteria causes a gastric ulcer

Answer 11

H-pylori

Question 12

what is a gastric ulcer

Answer 12

lesion on stomach lining

Question 13

state the 2 lines of defense in the immune system

Answer 13

1. innate immune system

2. adaptive immune system

Question 14

what are cytokines

Answer 14

small proteins produced by immune cells

Question 15

what is the function of cytokines

Answer 15

promote healing of damaged tissue

Question 16

state the processes that occur in the innate immune system

Answer 16

pathogens cause swelling

cytokines are released whcih attract phagocytes and leukocytes

Question 17

what is the function of the adaptive immune system

Answer 17

destroys cells that have already been attacked by phagocytes

Question 18

what is a lymphocyte

Answer 18

specialised white blood cell in the lymphatic system

Question 19

what immunity does a T cell produce

Answer 19

cell mediated immunity

Question 20

describe the process of a t cell

Answer 20

bind to macrophage

t cell would multiply, created more t cells to destroy pathogen

Question 21

what immunity does a B cell produce

Answer 21

antibody mediated immunity

Question 22

describe the immunity process of a B cell

Answer 22

B cell bind with antigen
B cell replicate and release the specific antibody to the antigen
antibody kill micro-organism

Question 23

what is the advantage of the memory component of the adaptive immune system

Answer 23

allow vaccinations to have their preventative effect

provide immunisation

Question 24

define acute stress

Answer 24

good to fight infection

Question 25

what do short term cytokines do

Answer 25

combat infection

Question 26

define chronic stress

Answer 26

immune system becomes less effective

Question 27

what do long term cytokines do

Answer 27

cause problems or long term health consequences

Question 28

what are T and B cells receptors for

Answer 28

glucocorticods

Question 29

what are lymphocytes receptors for

Answer 29

glucocorticods, adrenaline and nor adrenaline

Question 30

which brain region has lots of glucocorticods receptors

Answer 30

hippocampus

Question 31

what are the risks of a small hippocampus

Answer 31

increased risk of stress | increased risk of ptsd

Question 32

what is the effect of stress mediated by

Answer 32

glucocorticoid levels

Question 33

if a pup was raised by an anxious mother, what effect would this have on adulthood for the pup

Answer 33

anxious adult

Question 34

what effect did meditation have on stress response

Answer 34

increased production of antibody in meditation group compared to control group led to increased immune response to vaccination

Question 35

state two types of stress

Answer 35

acute and chronic stress

Question 36

what is the function of the innate immune system

Answer 36

react quickly to pathogens | activated by toll like receptors

Question 37

define phagocyte

Answer 37

ingestion of bacteria or other material