depression Flashcards
what kind of disorder is depression
affective disorder
name 4 types of symptoms of depression
- cognitive
- behavioral
- somatic (physical)
- affective (mood)
example of somatic symptom of depression
sleep difficulties
example of affecitve symptom of depression
depressed
worthless
what is reactive depression caused by
caused by negative experience
what is endogenous depression
no apparent negative lfie event
define bipolar
periods of mania occur
what is brown et al 1993 findings
depressed patients experience higher levels fo stress
84% depressed felt stress in previous year
32% of control group
what is the CR rate for depression in mz twins
60%
what is the CR rate for depression in dz twins
15%
What does the diathesis stress model show
people who have risk factor gene = higher chance of depression when exposed to stress
how were anti depressant drugs found
LUCK
what is an example of maoi
irproniazid
what do MAO inhibitors do
increase monoamine available by inhibiting monoamine oxidase in cytoplasm
what feelings do MAOI cause
feelings of calm
name the 2 tyoes of monoamine transmitters
- catecholamines
2. indolamines
name examples of catecholamines
dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline
name example of idolamine
seretonin
where do NT projections and NT occur
raphe nucleus
where do noradrenaline projections occur
dorsal and ventral projections
what is monoamine oxidase
enzyme that breaks down NT for monoamine
what do MAO inhibitors do
STOP BREAKDOWN - more NT available in neuron
what is tyramine normally broken down by
Monoamine oxidase in liver
what does tyramine cause if not broken down
increase in blood pressure
what are tricyclic antidepressants
chemical structure = 3 ringed chain
exmaple of tricylic antidepressant
imipramine
what do tricylic antidepressants do
block reuptake of seretonin and noradrenaline
example of ssris
PROZAC/ fluoxetine
what do ssris do
block reuptake = seretonin agonist
increase of NT in synapse
how does ecstasy block reuptake?
reverse transporter - increase seretonin
what is the effect of ecstasy on mood
increase of seretonin = elevate mood
what is a mood stabiliser
drugs that act against depression
without inducing mania
what does lithium treat
bipolar
how does lithium treat bipolar
calming agent - interfer with secondary messenger system
what is the monoamine theory of depression
depression caused by deficit of monoamine NT
explain evidence of increased number of receptors in depressed PP
process of up regulation
increase of NT available
what is the neuroplastic theory of depression
depression affects the neuroplastic chnages in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala
what effect do antidepressants have on neuroplastic changes
accelerate the changes
who is drug treatment for depression most effecttive for
severe depressed patients
who is chronic brain stimulation used for
affective for PP who are not responsive to other treatments
which areas of the brain are abnormal in patients with depression
hippocampus
amygdala
medial pre frontal cortex
