memory Flashcards
1
Q
what surgical procedure did patient hm have
A
bilateral temporal lobectomy
2
Q
which brain structures did HM have removed
A
hippocampus, amygdala and overlying cortex
3
Q
what type of amnesia did patient HM suffer from
A
anterograde amnesia
4
Q
what is anterograde amnesia
A
total inability to form new memories after event that caused amnesia
5
Q
define memory
A
how info is stored, reactivated and retrieved
6
Q
what is a memory deficit
A
damage to brain region and damages to specific brain system
7
Q
what is the digit span +1 test
A
Pp hear sequence of digits, once repeated correctly a digit would be added to the sequence
8
Q
what is the normal average performance on digit span test
A
15 digits after 25 trials
9
Q
does hm have a long term capacity
A
HM has NO long term memory capacity
10
Q
which digit span test can hm pass
A
pass digit span test
fail digit span +1 test
11
Q
what performance did hm achieve on digit span +`1 task
A
6 digits recalled after 25 trials
12
Q
is hm amnesia modality specific
A
NOT MODALITY SPECIFIC
occurs across all sense modalities
13
Q
did HM pass the block tapping +1 task
A
fail task
cant learn sequence after 12 attempts
14
Q
which memory tasks can HM complete
A
rotatary pursuit task
mirror drawing task
15
Q
can Hm remember performing memory task
A
no concious memory of task
Hm has anterograde amnesia
pavlovian conditioning
16
Q
what is the correlation between errors and attempts in Hm performance
A
errors decrease as attempts increase
17
Q
does hm pass implicit memory tasks
A
YES - THEY ARE UNCONSCIOUS
18
Q
does hm pass explicit memory tasks
A
NO - conscious process that needs episodic memory
19
Q
does hm have an episodic memory
A
Hm has no episodic memory
20
Q
what is the implicit memory system made up of
A
procedural memory - walk/talk
21
Q
what is korsakof syndrome
A
too much alcohol
22
Q
what caused patient NA amnesia
A
sword up nose
23
Q
what type of amnesia does patient NA have
A
medial temporal lobe amnesia
24
Q
what is global cerebral ischemia
A
blood supply cut to the brain
25
which patient obtained memory problems as a result of a bungled operation
PATIENT RB
26
what brain region was damaged in patient RB?
damage to pyramidal cells of CA1 subfield of hippocampus
27
which brain region is damaged in medial diencephalic amnesia
damage to medial nuceli of thalamus
28
what symptoms occur in medial amnesia
motor problems and extreme confusion
29
what experimental design problems occur to study memory
1. no pre lesion performance data
2. case studies = low sample sizes
3. lesions can't be reversed
4. . some memory tasks use more than 1 cog process
30
does patient Hm have a normal short term capacity
Hm DOES have a normal short term capacity
31
why can Hm pass pavlovian conditioning task
able to retain conditioned response in short term memory
32
which memory systems compose the explicit memory system
semantic and episodic memory
33
why do we use animal models to study memory
able to make lesions in animals eg. rats
34
why do we study memory
increase understanding of which brain regions are responsible for different types of memory
35
what changes must be made in studies that use animal models
- adapt tasks for animals
| - animals and babies dont have same complex brain as humans
36
what is the delayed non matching to sample task
monkeys had to remember the sample object and select unfamiliar object to obtain food
37
what is the research findings for monkeys in the non matching to sample task
increase in time of delay reduce percentage likelihood chance of being correct
38
if the medial temporal lobe is damaged where does a deficit occur
damage to medial temporal lobe - deficit in long term memory
39
what is the difference performance in control monkeys and monkeys with a lesion in their medial temporal lobe
lesion in medial temporal lobe = worse performance eon non matching sample task compared to controls
40
what similarities occur between monkeys and humans with medial temporal lobe damage
1. poor task performance
2. similar brain structure
3. deficit in long term memory
41
what is the name of the delayed non matching sample tasks in rats called
mumby box
42
which other region of the brain becomes damaged when you lesion the hippocampus in the monkey
rhinal cortex
43
is the rhinal cortex damaged in rats when you remove the hippocampus
rhinal cortex is not damaged when you remove the hippocampus from a rat
44
what is the difference between removal of the hippocampus between monkeys and rats
monkeys would be impaired if hippocampus removed as rhinal cortex is damaged
rats would not be impaired if hippocampus is removed because rhinal cortex would not be damaged
45
which area of the brain when lesioned produces memory deficits in delayed to non matching sample task
rhinal cortex
46
which area of the brain was damaged during surgery for patient rb
damage to CA1 subfield of the hippocampus
47
what is the reasoning for the brain damage during patient RB surgery
ischemia
48
what is the key role of the hippocampus
key role in object memory recognition
49
where are glutamate receptors located
hippocampus
50
what is the result of too much glutamate in the hippocampus
overexcites brain regions
| kill neurons = cell death
51
what happens in a rat's brain when you remove the hippocampus and exposed to ischemia
no impairment in the brain as the hippocampus has been removed
52
what happens when a rat is exposed to ischemia and the hippocampus is not removed
IMPAIRMENT OCCURS
53
explain why impairment occurs when the hippocampus is not removed in the rat
by leaving the hippocampus - glutamate receptors can become over excited - kill other brain regions causing cell death
54
explain why impairment does not occur when the hippocampus is removed
removal of hippocampus - no impairment - glutamate receptors can't become over excited
55
what kind of memory is the hippocampus associated with
spatial memory
56
what is the size difference of the hippocampi between taxi drivers and other humans
taxi drivers have larger hippocampi
57
how do rats with a hippocampal lesion perform on morris water maze task
lesion in rats - poor spatial memory - poor performance on morris water maze task
58
which tasks do rats with hippocampal lesions have a poor performance in
morris water maze
| radical arm maze
59
why do rats with hippocampal damage have poor performance in certain tasks
poor spatial memory
60
which cells are in the medial temporal lobe of humans and monkeys
grid cells and place cells
61
what do grid cells in the entorhinal cortex show
how hippocampal place cells obtain spatial information
62
what is another name for a hippocampus neuron
place cells
63
what effect does placing an electrode in a place cell have
show where neuron fires in hippocampus - form spatial map of neuron firing
64
where does electrical neurtransmission occur
down the axon
65
where does chemical neurotranmission occur
across synapse
66
what type of neuron does electrical neurotranmission
post synaptic neuron
67
what is hebbs postulate for learning
in neurotransmission, a chemical component allows this process to become more efficient
68
what did bliss and lomo study
study of LTP in hippocampus in rats
69
what key properties of LTP are there
increases responses
long lasting
COCURRENCE OF FIRING
70
what is meant by co currence of firing
firing of presynaptic neuron is followed by firing of post synaptic neuron
71
how to obtain baseline response in bliss and lomo study
Adminster a low intensity pulse to perforant path of the hippocampus
72
in bliss and lomo study where was the pulse intensities administered
perforant path of the hippocampus
73
what happens when you administer higher intensity, higher frequency pulses to the perforant path
LTP would be induced
74
what is the difference after administering a high intensity pulse
response become bigger after administering high frequency pulse
75
what is LTP critical for
learning and memory
76
what happens in the morris water maze if you maximise LTP
learning would be stopped in the morris water maze
77
explain evidence that LTP is linked to learning and memory
LTP can be triggered at low levels of stimulation
| low intensity pulses - LTP demonstrated
78
what happens when LTP becomes saturated
stop spatial learning in hippocampus
79
is LTP needed to complete morris water maze
LTP is essential to complete morris water maze
80
how does the chemical part of the synapse become more efficient
glutamate
81
would knock out mice (missing gene for LTP) be able to complete morris water maze
No, LTP is essential for morris water maze task
82
what is an ionotrophic receptor
receptor protein
83
what is the function of ionotropic receptors
bind to receptors causing ion channels to open
84
what is the NMDA receptor permeable to
calcium ions
85
what does it mean for a dual process requirement for NMDA receptors
NMDA receptors respond maximally when 2 events occur at the same time
86
what does glutamate NT bind to
glutamate receptor
87
what is the glutamate receptor often blocked by
magnesium
88
how can the glutamate receptor get rid of magnesium
partially depolarise neuron, magesium would move away as it is positively charged
89
what happens when the glutamate receptor partially depolarises the neuron
magnesium would no longer block the ion channel
| the ion channel would be clear
90
what occurs when calcium influx enters the cell
changes inside the cells occur related to memory function - LTM memory changes
91
what happens in LTP experiments when you induce stimulation in the perforant path of the hippocampus
baseline measurement
| first pulses would depolarise post synaptic cell - removal of magnesium blockage
92
what is the result on LTP process when you administer higher frequency trains to the perforant path of the hippocampus
allow calcium influx into cell - causes LTM changes
93
where does LTP often occur
dendrite spines
94
what is the function of nitric oxide in LTP
transitory substance that is synthesised in post synaptic neuron and diffuse to pre synaptic neuron
95
where does LTP begin
post synaptic neuron
96
how is LTP maintained
structural changes - size of synapse or size of dendrite spines
97
what is required for LTP expresion which is greater than 2 hours
protein synthesis and structural changes
98
what is glutamate
principal excitory neurotransmitter
99
name an example of an ionotropic receptor
NMDA
100
summarise the LTP process
1. glutamate NT bind to glutamate receptor
2. partially depolarise neuron to remvoe magesium blocking ion chanel
3. ion channel allows calcium influx
4. calcium influx cause LTM changes inside cell
101
what does repeated cocaine exposure faciliate
LTP induction
