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PSY219 NEURO > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

1
Q

what surgical procedure did patient hm have

A

bilateral temporal lobectomy

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2
Q

which brain structures did HM have removed

A

hippocampus, amygdala and overlying cortex

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3
Q

what type of amnesia did patient HM suffer from

A

anterograde amnesia

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4
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

total inability to form new memories after event that caused amnesia

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5
Q

define memory

A

how info is stored, reactivated and retrieved

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6
Q

what is a memory deficit

A

damage to brain region and damages to specific brain system

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7
Q

what is the digit span +1 test

A

Pp hear sequence of digits, once repeated correctly a digit would be added to the sequence

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8
Q

what is the normal average performance on digit span test

A

15 digits after 25 trials

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9
Q

does hm have a long term capacity

A

HM has NO long term memory capacity

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10
Q

which digit span test can hm pass

A

pass digit span test

fail digit span +1 test

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11
Q

what performance did hm achieve on digit span +`1 task

A

6 digits recalled after 25 trials

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12
Q

is hm amnesia modality specific

A

NOT MODALITY SPECIFIC

occurs across all sense modalities

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13
Q

did HM pass the block tapping +1 task

A

fail task

cant learn sequence after 12 attempts

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14
Q

which memory tasks can HM complete

A

rotatary pursuit task

mirror drawing task

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15
Q

can Hm remember performing memory task

A

no concious memory of task
Hm has anterograde amnesia
pavlovian conditioning

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16
Q

what is the correlation between errors and attempts in Hm performance

A

errors decrease as attempts increase

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17
Q

does hm pass implicit memory tasks

A

YES - THEY ARE UNCONSCIOUS

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18
Q

does hm pass explicit memory tasks

A

NO - conscious process that needs episodic memory

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19
Q

does hm have an episodic memory

A

Hm has no episodic memory

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20
Q

what is the implicit memory system made up of

A

procedural memory - walk/talk

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21
Q

what is korsakof syndrome

A

too much alcohol

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22
Q

what caused patient NA amnesia

A

sword up nose

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23
Q

what type of amnesia does patient NA have

A

medial temporal lobe amnesia

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24
Q

what is global cerebral ischemia

A

blood supply cut to the brain

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25
Q

which patient obtained memory problems as a result of a bungled operation

A

PATIENT RB

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26
Q

what brain region was damaged in patient RB?

A

damage to pyramidal cells of CA1 subfield of hippocampus

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27
Q

which brain region is damaged in medial diencephalic amnesia

A

damage to medial nuceli of thalamus

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28
Q

what symptoms occur in medial amnesia

A

motor problems and extreme confusion

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29
Q

what experimental design problems occur to study memory

A
  1. no pre lesion performance data
  2. case studies = low sample sizes
  3. lesions can’t be reversed
  4. . some memory tasks use more than 1 cog process
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30
Q

does patient Hm have a normal short term capacity

A

Hm DOES have a normal short term capacity

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31
Q

why can Hm pass pavlovian conditioning task

A

able to retain conditioned response in short term memory

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32
Q

which memory systems compose the explicit memory system

A

semantic and episodic memory

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33
Q

why do we use animal models to study memory

A

able to make lesions in animals eg. rats

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34
Q

why do we study memory

A

increase understanding of which brain regions are responsible for different types of memory

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35
Q

what changes must be made in studies that use animal models

A
  • adapt tasks for animals

- animals and babies dont have same complex brain as humans

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36
Q

what is the delayed non matching to sample task

A

monkeys had to remember the sample object and select unfamiliar object to obtain food

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37
Q

what is the research findings for monkeys in the non matching to sample task

A

increase in time of delay reduce percentage likelihood chance of being correct

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38
Q

if the medial temporal lobe is damaged where does a deficit occur

A

damage to medial temporal lobe - deficit in long term memory

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39
Q

what is the difference performance in control monkeys and monkeys with a lesion in their medial temporal lobe

A

lesion in medial temporal lobe = worse performance eon non matching sample task compared to controls

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40
Q

what similarities occur between monkeys and humans with medial temporal lobe damage

A
  1. poor task performance
  2. similar brain structure
  3. deficit in long term memory
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41
Q

what is the name of the delayed non matching sample tasks in rats called

A

mumby box

42
Q

which other region of the brain becomes damaged when you lesion the hippocampus in the monkey

A

rhinal cortex

43
Q

is the rhinal cortex damaged in rats when you remove the hippocampus

A

rhinal cortex is not damaged when you remove the hippocampus from a rat

44
Q

what is the difference between removal of the hippocampus between monkeys and rats

A

monkeys would be impaired if hippocampus removed as rhinal cortex is damaged
rats would not be impaired if hippocampus is removed because rhinal cortex would not be damaged

45
Q

which area of the brain when lesioned produces memory deficits in delayed to non matching sample task

A

rhinal cortex

46
Q

which area of the brain was damaged during surgery for patient rb

A

damage to CA1 subfield of the hippocampus

47
Q

what is the reasoning for the brain damage during patient RB surgery

A

ischemia

48
Q

what is the key role of the hippocampus

A

key role in object memory recognition

49
Q

where are glutamate receptors located

A

hippocampus

50
Q

what is the result of too much glutamate in the hippocampus

A

overexcites brain regions

kill neurons = cell death

51
Q

what happens in a rat’s brain when you remove the hippocampus and exposed to ischemia

A

no impairment in the brain as the hippocampus has been removed

52
Q

what happens when a rat is exposed to ischemia and the hippocampus is not removed

A

IMPAIRMENT OCCURS

53
Q

explain why impairment occurs when the hippocampus is not removed in the rat

A

by leaving the hippocampus - glutamate receptors can become over excited - kill other brain regions causing cell death

54
Q

explain why impairment does not occur when the hippocampus is removed

A

removal of hippocampus - no impairment - glutamate receptors can’t become over excited

55
Q

what kind of memory is the hippocampus associated with

A

spatial memory

56
Q

what is the size difference of the hippocampi between taxi drivers and other humans

A

taxi drivers have larger hippocampi

57
Q

how do rats with a hippocampal lesion perform on morris water maze task

A

lesion in rats - poor spatial memory - poor performance on morris water maze task

58
Q

which tasks do rats with hippocampal lesions have a poor performance in

A

morris water maze

radical arm maze

59
Q

why do rats with hippocampal damage have poor performance in certain tasks

A

poor spatial memory

60
Q

which cells are in the medial temporal lobe of humans and monkeys

A

grid cells and place cells

61
Q

what do grid cells in the entorhinal cortex show

A

how hippocampal place cells obtain spatial information

62
Q

what is another name for a hippocampus neuron

A

place cells

63
Q

what effect does placing an electrode in a place cell have

A

show where neuron fires in hippocampus - form spatial map of neuron firing

64
Q

where does electrical neurtransmission occur

A

down the axon

65
Q

where does chemical neurotranmission occur

A

across synapse

66
Q

what type of neuron does electrical neurotranmission

A

post synaptic neuron

67
Q

what is hebbs postulate for learning

A

in neurotransmission, a chemical component allows this process to become more efficient

68
Q

what did bliss and lomo study

A

study of LTP in hippocampus in rats

69
Q

what key properties of LTP are there

A

increases responses
long lasting
COCURRENCE OF FIRING

70
Q

what is meant by co currence of firing

A

firing of presynaptic neuron is followed by firing of post synaptic neuron

71
Q

how to obtain baseline response in bliss and lomo study

A

Adminster a low intensity pulse to perforant path of the hippocampus

72
Q

in bliss and lomo study where was the pulse intensities administered

A

perforant path of the hippocampus

73
Q

what happens when you administer higher intensity, higher frequency pulses to the perforant path

A

LTP would be induced

74
Q

what is the difference after administering a high intensity pulse

A

response become bigger after administering high frequency pulse

75
Q

what is LTP critical for

A

learning and memory

76
Q

what happens in the morris water maze if you maximise LTP

A

learning would be stopped in the morris water maze

77
Q

explain evidence that LTP is linked to learning and memory

A

LTP can be triggered at low levels of stimulation

low intensity pulses - LTP demonstrated

78
Q

what happens when LTP becomes saturated

A

stop spatial learning in hippocampus

79
Q

is LTP needed to complete morris water maze

A

LTP is essential to complete morris water maze

80
Q

how does the chemical part of the synapse become more efficient

A

glutamate

81
Q

would knock out mice (missing gene for LTP) be able to complete morris water maze

A

No, LTP is essential for morris water maze task

82
Q

what is an ionotrophic receptor

A

receptor protein

83
Q

what is the function of ionotropic receptors

A

bind to receptors causing ion channels to open

84
Q

what is the NMDA receptor permeable to

A

calcium ions

85
Q

what does it mean for a dual process requirement for NMDA receptors

A

NMDA receptors respond maximally when 2 events occur at the same time

86
Q

what does glutamate NT bind to

A

glutamate receptor

87
Q

what is the glutamate receptor often blocked by

A

magnesium

88
Q

how can the glutamate receptor get rid of magnesium

A

partially depolarise neuron, magesium would move away as it is positively charged

89
Q

what happens when the glutamate receptor partially depolarises the neuron

A

magnesium would no longer block the ion channel

the ion channel would be clear

90
Q

what occurs when calcium influx enters the cell

A

changes inside the cells occur related to memory function - LTM memory changes

91
Q

what happens in LTP experiments when you induce stimulation in the perforant path of the hippocampus

A

baseline measurement

first pulses would depolarise post synaptic cell - removal of magnesium blockage

92
Q

what is the result on LTP process when you administer higher frequency trains to the perforant path of the hippocampus

A

allow calcium influx into cell - causes LTM changes

93
Q

where does LTP often occur

A

dendrite spines

94
Q

what is the function of nitric oxide in LTP

A

transitory substance that is synthesised in post synaptic neuron and diffuse to pre synaptic neuron

95
Q

where does LTP begin

A

post synaptic neuron

96
Q

how is LTP maintained

A

structural changes - size of synapse or size of dendrite spines

97
Q

what is required for LTP expresion which is greater than 2 hours

A

protein synthesis and structural changes

98
Q

what is glutamate

A

principal excitory neurotransmitter

99
Q

name an example of an ionotropic receptor

A

NMDA

100
Q

summarise the LTP process

A
  1. glutamate NT bind to glutamate receptor
  2. partially depolarise neuron to remvoe magesium blocking ion chanel
  3. ion channel allows calcium influx
  4. calcium influx cause LTM changes inside cell
101
Q

what does repeated cocaine exposure faciliate

A

LTP induction

PSY219 NEURO (14 decks)

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