GENETICS

Question 1

what does the word genotype mean

Answer 1

genetic material passed to offspring

Question 2

what is a phenotype

Answer 2

observable traits of individual

Question 3

what is the chromsome code for a female

Answer 3

xx

Question 4

what is the chromosome code for a male

Answer 4

xy

Question 5

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

Answer 5

23, half from mother half from father

Question 6

what are dichotomy traits

Answer 6

traits in one form or another but never in combination

Question 7

define allele

Answer 7

two genes that control the same trait

Question 8

define homozygous

Answer 8

IDENTICAL genes for same trait

Question 9

define heterozygous

Answer 9

different genes for same trait

Question 10

what cell division occurs for gametes?

Answer 10

meiosis

Question 11

what is meiosis? how many chromosomes does each gamete have?

Answer 11

chromosomes half, each gamete would have half the number of chromosomes each

Question 12

state the process of mitosis

Answer 12

chromosomes replicate and 4 daughter cells would be produced

Question 13

what does DNA mean

Answer 13

deoxyribose nucleic acid

Question 14

how many base pairs does DNA have and what are they

Answer 14

4, adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

Question 15

where does crossing over occur?

Answer 15

chiasma

Question 16

what does crossing over do?

Answer 16

form recombinant chromatids

Question 17

what is rna

Answer 17

ribonucleic acid

Question 18

which nucleotide base is replaced in RNA

Answer 18

thymine is replaced with uracil

Question 19

what is a 3 collective nucleotide known as

Answer 19

codon

Question 20

what is trisomy chromosome 21

Answer 20

extra chromosome on 21st chromosome

Question 21

what does the gene dosage effect mean

Answer 21

150% genes - 150% MRNA 150% proteins

Question 22

what does RNA do

Answer 22

complimentary copy of one strand of DNA molecule

Question 23

what is PKU

Answer 23

single mutation of one gene

Question 24

what does PKU cause

Answer 24

result in brain damage and caused by autosomal recessive gene

Question 25

who does PKU occur in?

Answer 25

only affect homozygous individuals

Question 26

what did mendel study

Answer 26

pea plants

Question 27

what is the square called that helps to outline inheritance probability

Answer 27

punit square

Question 28

what is meant by the term true breeding lines

Answer 28

interbred members produce same offspring with same trait

Question 29

what is dna made of

Answer 29

make proteins of long amino acids

Question 30

define heritability

Answer 30

how much variance of a characteristic within a population is due to hereditary

Question 31

what are mz twins and how much CR do they share

Answer 31

identical twins and 100%

Question 32

what are dz twins and how much CR do they share

Answer 32

fraternal twins and 50%

Question 33

what is the effect of a more similar environment on hereditary?

Answer 33

increased estimate of heritability

Question 34

what is the CR for mz and dz twins for depression

Answer 34

mz - 60% and dz - 15%

Question 35

how is heritability calculated

Answer 35

compare correlation coefficents of either identical or non identical twins for the same trait

Question 36

what does the weinberger approach suggest

Answer 36

heritability is a problematic construct

Question 37

what does zhang et al 2015 findings show

Answer 37

mutant form of trytophan gene can result in many mental health problems

Question 38

what does the example 1 of the gene for trytophan suggest

Answer 38

cells with the trytophan gene have 80% less seretonin than normal genes

Question 39

what are the figures of zhang et als study

Answer 39

87 depressed pp - 9 had mutant gene | 219 control - 3 had mutant gene

Question 40

what does the example for gene with seretonin transporter show?

Answer 40

short form of seretonin transporter gene: brain over respond to emotions

Question 41

is there a higher or lower brain activation for the short gene

Answer 41

higher brain activation in short gene for negative emotions

Question 42

what is the amygdala do

Answer 42

responsible for emotions and memory

Question 43

what does the diathesis stress model show

Answer 43

people with a risk factor gene who are exposed to stress have a higher likelihood of obtaining a disorder

Question 44

what happens when genes interact with the environment

Answer 44

gene interact with the environment - can produce depressive symptoms

Question 45

what does brown 1993 study show

Answer 45

depressed pp - 84% control 32% shows levels of stress experienced in previous year

Question 46

what effect does stress have on depression

Answer 46

higher stress = higher chance of depression

Question 47

does dna replicate

Answer 47

essential for dna to replicate

Question 48

what occurs to heritability in a persons lifetime

Answer 48

increased linearity from childhood to adulthood

Question 49

what is the link between environment and heritability

Answer 49

increased similar environment - increased estimate of heritability

Question 50

where can PKU be detected

Answer 50

urine

Question 51

what values is heritability measured on

Answer 51

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