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PSY219 NEURO > GENETICS > Flashcards

GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

what does the word genotype mean

A

genetic material passed to offspring

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2
Q

what is a phenotype

A

observable traits of individual

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3
Q

what is the chromsome code for a female

A

xx

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4
Q

what is the chromosome code for a male

A

xy

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5
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

A

23, half from mother half from father

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6
Q

what are dichotomy traits

A

traits in one form or another but never in combination

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7
Q

define allele

A

two genes that control the same trait

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8
Q

define homozygous

A

IDENTICAL genes for same trait

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9
Q

define heterozygous

A

different genes for same trait

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10
Q

what cell division occurs for gametes?

A

meiosis

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11
Q

what is meiosis? how many chromosomes does each gamete have?

A

chromosomes half, each gamete would have half the number of chromosomes each

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12
Q

state the process of mitosis

A

chromosomes replicate and 4 daughter cells would be produced

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13
Q

what does DNA mean

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid

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14
Q

how many base pairs does DNA have and what are they

A

4, adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine

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15
Q

where does crossing over occur?

A

chiasma

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16
Q

what does crossing over do?

A

form recombinant chromatids

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17
Q

what is rna

A

ribonucleic acid

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18
Q

which nucleotide base is replaced in RNA

A

thymine is replaced with uracil

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19
Q

what is a 3 collective nucleotide known as

A

codon

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20
Q

what is trisomy chromosome 21

A

extra chromosome on 21st chromosome

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21
Q

what does the gene dosage effect mean

A

150% genes - 150% MRNA 150% proteins

22
Q

what does RNA do

A

complimentary copy of one strand of DNA molecule

23
Q

what is PKU

A

single mutation of one gene

24
Q

what does PKU cause

A

result in brain damage and caused by autosomal recessive gene

25
Q

who does PKU occur in?

A

only affect homozygous individuals

26
Q

what did mendel study

A

pea plants

27
Q

what is the square called that helps to outline inheritance probability

A

punit square

28
Q

what is meant by the term true breeding lines

A

interbred members produce same offspring with same trait

29
Q

what is dna made of

A

make proteins of long amino acids

30
Q

define heritability

A

how much variance of a characteristic within a population is due to hereditary

31
Q

what are mz twins and how much CR do they share

A

identical twins and 100%

32
Q

what are dz twins and how much CR do they share

A

fraternal twins and 50%

33
Q

what is the effect of a more similar environment on hereditary?

A

increased estimate of heritability

34
Q

what is the CR for mz and dz twins for depression

A

mz - 60% and dz - 15%

35
Q

how is heritability calculated

A

compare correlation coefficents of either identical or non identical twins for the same trait

36
Q

what does the weinberger approach suggest

A

heritability is a problematic construct

37
Q

what does zhang et al 2015 findings show

A

mutant form of trytophan gene can result in many mental health problems

38
Q

what does the example 1 of the gene for trytophan suggest

A

cells with the trytophan gene have 80% less seretonin than normal genes

39
Q

what are the figures of zhang et als study

A

87 depressed pp - 9 had mutant gene

219 control - 3 had mutant gene

40
Q

what does the example for gene with seretonin transporter show?

A

short form of seretonin transporter gene: brain over respond to emotions

41
Q

is there a higher or lower brain activation for the short gene

A

higher brain activation in short gene for negative emotions

42
Q

what is the amygdala do

A

responsible for emotions and memory

43
Q

what does the diathesis stress model show

A

people with a risk factor gene who are exposed to stress have a higher likelihood of obtaining a disorder

44
Q

what happens when genes interact with the environment

A

gene interact with the environment - can produce depressive symptoms

45
Q

what does brown 1993 study show

A

depressed pp - 84%
control 32%
shows levels of stress experienced in previous year

46
Q

what effect does stress have on depression

A

higher stress = higher chance of depression

47
Q

does dna replicate

A

essential for dna to replicate

48
Q

what occurs to heritability in a persons lifetime

A

increased linearity from childhood to adulthood

49
Q

what is the link between environment and heritability

A

increased similar environment - increased estimate of heritability

50
Q

where can PKU be detected

A

urine

51
Q

what values is heritability measured on

A

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PSY219 NEURO (14 decks)

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