Parkinson's disease Flashcards

1
Q

define idiopathic disease

A

each case has its own origins

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2
Q

how many % of pop are affected by PD

A

.5% of pop

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3
Q

what is bradykinesia

A

slow movements

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4
Q

what is akinesia

A

no body movements

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5
Q

what is the cause of PD

A

lack of DOPAMINE in nigra striatum pathway

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons

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6
Q

name some symptoms of PD

A
paused movements 
increased rigidity of muscles 
impaired balance 
bradykinesia 
akinesia
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7
Q

what effect does MPTP have on rats

A

no effect

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8
Q

what is MPP+

A

neurotoxin that causes permanent symptoms of PD

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9
Q

What does MPP+ do

A

destroy dopaminergic neurons in nigra substantia pathway

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10
Q

state the process that occurs between MPTP to form MPP+

A

MPTP - exposed to chemical process with MAO - become neurotoxin MPP+

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11
Q

what does MPTP do

A

target dopamine producing cells in substantia nigra pathway

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12
Q

what do microelectrode studies show about tonic activity in external pallidus segment

A

decrease in tonic activity in external pallidus segment

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13
Q

what do microelectrode studies show about tonic activity in internal pallidus segment and thalamus

A

increase in tonic activity in internal segment and thalamus

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14
Q

what is the function of the motor cortex

A

plan and initiate voluntary movements

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15
Q

describe processes of basal ganglia at rest

A

no activity in striatum
globus pallidus is tonically active
inhibition in thalamus
decreased excitement in motor cortex

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16
Q

what is the striatum composed of

A

caudate and putamen

17
Q

which features make up the basal ganglia nuclei

A

striatum and globus pallidus

18
Q

describe process of basal ganglia during period of excitement

A

excitement in striatum
inhibited globus pallidus periodically
thalamus would be DISINHIBTED
higher exictement in motor cortex (output)

19
Q

what effect does an excited striatum have

A

switch off globus pallidus

20
Q

what effect does a disinhibted thalamus have

A

increased excitement in motor cortex

21
Q

what causes PD symptoms

A

excessive output from internal globus pallidus - stuck in switched on mode

22
Q

what surgical options to treat PD

A
  • lesion inhibited output structures

- electrically stimulate basal ganglia

23
Q

how could cannabis treat symptoms of PD

A

used as dopamine agonist

24
Q

which drugs can be used to replace lost dopamine

A

L dopa - dopamine precursor

apomphone - dopmaine agonist

25
what is l dopa
dopamine precursor
26
how to treat globus pallidus to treat PD
allow globus pallidus to be turned off at times
27
what is deep brain stimulation
device near heart - control chronic movements
28
how does deep brain stimulation work
allow free body movements to control side effects of PD
29
what happens if the brain stimulation device is turned off
no free body movements, muscles would seize up
30
what do schwann cells do
schwann cell sheath promote regeneration
31
describe effect of PD on basal ganglia
1. loss of dopamine output in striatum 2. increase activity in internal pallidus segment 3. increase inhibition of thalamus and midbrain 4. increased motor cortex output