Parkinson's disease Flashcards

1
Q

define idiopathic disease

A

each case has its own origins

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2
Q

how many % of pop are affected by PD

A

.5% of pop

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3
Q

what is bradykinesia

A

slow movements

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4
Q

what is akinesia

A

no body movements

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5
Q

what is the cause of PD

A

lack of DOPAMINE in nigra striatum pathway

degeneration of dopaminergic neurons

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6
Q

name some symptoms of PD

A
paused movements 
increased rigidity of muscles 
impaired balance 
bradykinesia 
akinesia
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7
Q

what effect does MPTP have on rats

A

no effect

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8
Q

what is MPP+

A

neurotoxin that causes permanent symptoms of PD

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9
Q

What does MPP+ do

A

destroy dopaminergic neurons in nigra substantia pathway

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10
Q

state the process that occurs between MPTP to form MPP+

A

MPTP - exposed to chemical process with MAO - become neurotoxin MPP+

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11
Q

what does MPTP do

A

target dopamine producing cells in substantia nigra pathway

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12
Q

what do microelectrode studies show about tonic activity in external pallidus segment

A

decrease in tonic activity in external pallidus segment

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13
Q

what do microelectrode studies show about tonic activity in internal pallidus segment and thalamus

A

increase in tonic activity in internal segment and thalamus

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14
Q

what is the function of the motor cortex

A

plan and initiate voluntary movements

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15
Q

describe processes of basal ganglia at rest

A

no activity in striatum
globus pallidus is tonically active
inhibition in thalamus
decreased excitement in motor cortex

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16
Q

what is the striatum composed of

A

caudate and putamen

17
Q

which features make up the basal ganglia nuclei

A

striatum and globus pallidus

18
Q

describe process of basal ganglia during period of excitement

A

excitement in striatum
inhibited globus pallidus periodically
thalamus would be DISINHIBTED
higher exictement in motor cortex (output)

19
Q

what effect does an excited striatum have

A

switch off globus pallidus

20
Q

what effect does a disinhibted thalamus have

A

increased excitement in motor cortex

21
Q

what causes PD symptoms

A

excessive output from internal globus pallidus - stuck in switched on mode

22
Q

what surgical options to treat PD

A
  • lesion inhibited output structures

- electrically stimulate basal ganglia

23
Q

how could cannabis treat symptoms of PD

A

used as dopamine agonist

24
Q

which drugs can be used to replace lost dopamine

A

L dopa - dopamine precursor

apomphone - dopmaine agonist

25
Q

what is l dopa

A

dopamine precursor

26
Q

how to treat globus pallidus to treat PD

A

allow globus pallidus to be turned off at times

27
Q

what is deep brain stimulation

A

device near heart - control chronic movements

28
Q

how does deep brain stimulation work

A

allow free body movements to control side effects of PD

29
Q

what happens if the brain stimulation device is turned off

A

no free body movements, muscles would seize up

30
Q

what do schwann cells do

A

schwann cell sheath promote regeneration

31
Q

describe effect of PD on basal ganglia

A
  1. loss of dopamine output in striatum
  2. increase activity in internal pallidus segment
  3. increase inhibition of thalamus and midbrain
  4. increased motor cortex output