alzheimer's disease

Question 1

what kind of disorder is AD

Answer 1

terminal and progressive

degenerative

Question 2

state symptoms of AD

Answer 2

decline of memory
deficits of attention
personality changes q

Question 3

what are the final symptoms of AD

Answer 3

poor swallowing and loss of bladder control

Question 4

state immediate symptoms of AD

Answer 4

confusion and anxiety

Question 5

what is MMSE

Answer 5

mini mental state examination

Question 6

how is the MMSE used

Answer 6

patient asked to complete several tasks

score formed from performance

Question 7

what does the MMSE diagnose

Answer 7

possible cog impairment - PP would need further testing for diagnosis

Question 8

state changes in the neuropathology of a person with AD

Answer 8

hippocampus shrinks
enlarged ventricles
shrinkage of cerebral cortex

Question 9

define neuropathology

Answer 9

brain anatomy

Question 10

what are amyloid plaques

Answer 10

lumps of scar tissue made of degenerating neurons and the protein amyloid

Question 11

how does an alpha beta plaque form

Answer 11

amyloid precursor is broken down by enzymes

alpha and beta stick together to from plaque

Question 12

what is the genetic explanation of AD

Answer 12

result of mutations of amyloid precursor protein

Question 13

define transgenic

Answer 13

introduce genes of another species to another animal

Question 14

how can we study amyloid plaques

Answer 14

make transgenic mice

Question 15

describe the process of making transgenic mice

Answer 15

gene mutation that promotes build up of amyloid injected into animal

Question 16

what would occur in the offspring of transgenic mice (mice have gene mutation for growth of amyloid

Answer 16

offspring would also have gene mutation of amyloid

offspring produce similar brain to AD human patients

Question 17

what is the similarity with AD human patients and transgenic mice who have amyloid gene mutation

Answer 17

both produce similar brain activity of AD

Question 18

what is a high concentration of amyloid plaques associated with

Answer 18

neuron loss and memory disturbances

Question 19

which brain region can have a high concentration of amyloid plaques

Answer 19

medial temporal love

Question 20

what would happen if you inject animals with TAU gene

Answer 20

neurofibrillary tangles would be displayed

Question 21

what are neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 21

TAU protein

Question 22

what are microtubules

Answer 22

sticks - part of exoskeleton which forms shape

Question 23

what does the term MAP stand for

Answer 23

microtubule associated proteins

Question 24

how are neurofibrillary tangles formed

Answer 24

TAU becomes muddled and tangled up

microtubule degenerate and neuron die

Question 25

what happens if the microtubule degenerates

Answer 25

neurons die | axons structure is no longer supported

Question 26

what is apoE composed of

Answer 26

3 alleles of the same gene | E2, E3 E4

Question 27

what characterisics of E4?

Answer 27

bad gene | increased risk factors

Question 28

state characteristics of E2 gene

Answer 28

good gene | copies of this gene won't increase risk factor

Question 29

what is E4 involved for?

Answer 29

involved in transport of cholesterol | increase risk factor of heart disease

Question 30

what things are prevalent in the medial temporal lobe

Answer 30

neuro tangles, amyloid plaques and neuron loss

Question 31

state 2 drugs that treat AD symptoms

Answer 31

cholinetserase inhibitor | NDMA receptor

Question 32

what effect does acetycholine have

Answer 32

reduce levels of AD in patients brain

Question 33

what is the cause of anterograde amnesia

Answer 33

acetycholine depletion

Question 34

what does the cholinergic system in AD patients result in

Answer 34

cell death and neuron loss | degeneration of basal ganglia

Question 35

what does cholinesterase inhibit

Answer 35

cholinesterase

Question 36

where is the main source of acetycholine

Answer 36

forebrain

Question 37

what is the function of cholinesterase

Answer 37

enzyme that breaks down acetate and choline

Question 38

what happens when glutamate becomes overexcited

Answer 38

cause an influx of calcium

Question 39

explain the process of neural stem cell transplants to improve AD cognitions

Answer 39

1. stem cells injected 2. stem cells become neuron and glial cells 3. stem cell partially resolve memory functions

Question 40

what does the antagonist mematine (exiba) do?

Answer 40

block mematine and stop gluaminergic toxins