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PSY219 NEURO > Motor > Flashcards

Motor Flashcards

1
Q

what type of organisation does the sensorimotor system have

A

hierarchically organised

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2
Q

give an example of a voluntary movement

A

run or walk

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3
Q

which is the highest level of the sensorimotor cortex

A

association cortex

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4
Q

where does the lower motor neuron project to

A

project to muscle

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5
Q

what is the motor control system made up of

A

upper and lower neurons = integrated system

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6
Q

where does the upper motor neuron project to

A

project to lower neurons

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7
Q

how does info flow in the sensorimotor system

A

info flow down in the hierarchy

decend control

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8
Q

how does the feedback system flow in the sensorimotor system

A

ascending system up to highest level of association cortex

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9
Q

give an example of an involuntary movement

A

blinking

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10
Q

what is at the lowest level of the sensorimotor system

A

motor neurons

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11
Q

state 3 types of muscle

A

cardiac
smooth
skeletal

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12
Q

what is the biggest muscle in the body

A

gluteaus maximus

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13
Q

what is the smallest muscle in the body

A

stapedius - inner ear

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14
Q

what is the strongest muscle in the body

A

masseter - jaw

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15
Q

how is muscle movement achieved

A

antagonist arrangement - combined coordinated action of contract and relax

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16
Q

what percentage of body weight do muscles compose

A

40%

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17
Q

what is the role of overlapping filaments in muscles fibres

A

form mechanism which allows contracting and relaxing

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18
Q

which chemicals allow transfer at myosin cross bridge cycle

A

calcium ions
magnesium
atp

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19
Q

what processes occur at the myosin cross bridge cycle

A

the overlapping filaments of the long axis of muscles fibres contract and stretch
chemical exchange

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20
Q

what is a motor unit

A

single alpha motor neuron and all muscle fibres it would activate

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21
Q

how do you generate greater movement resolution

A

use of fewer muscle fibres

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22
Q

what does the motor pool contain

A

contain alpha and gamma neurons

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23
Q

what is the shape of the motor pool

A

rod shaped

ventral horn of spinal cord

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24
Q

what is the function of alpha neurons

A

innervate EXTRAFUSAL MUSCLE fibres of SKELETAL MUSCLE

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25
Q

What is the function of gamma neurons

A

innervate INTRAFUSAL muscle of muscle spindles

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26
Q

what is the cell body in the ventral horn activated by

A

sensory info from muscle and brain

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27
Q

what 2 pieces of info must the CNS know to control muscles contracting and relaxing

A
  1. tension of muscle

2. muscle length

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28
Q

where is the Golgi tendon located

A

tendon

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29
Q

what is the function of the Golgi tendon

A

processes sensory information about tension of muscle

eg. how much force needed for muscle

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30
Q

what does the Golgi tendon do in response to extreme tension

A

Golgi tendon inhibit muscle fibres to prevent damage

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31
Q

what is the function of muscle spindles

A

process info on muscle length/stretch

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32
Q

what are extrafusal muscle fibres innervated by

A

alpha neurons

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33
Q

what are intrafusal muscle fibres innervated by

A

gamma neurons

34
Q

what is the aim of muscles spindles to achieve

A

set optimum length of muscle stretch

35
Q

what is the role of muscle spindle feedback

A

info on muscle stretch - form efficient motor system

36
Q

what is coiled in intrafusal muscles

A

sensory fibres

37
Q

what is the role of sensory fibres in intrafusal muscles

A

keep intrafusal fibres at ideal length to optimise muscle strength

38
Q

what happens to the action potential when a muscle stretches

A

action potential rate increases

39
Q

what happens if only alpha motor neurons generate an action potential

A

extrafusal muscle contracts

muscle becomes slack - no more AP generated

40
Q

what happens during coactivation of alpha and motor neurons

A

extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibres contract

41
Q

what is the advantage of acoactivation of alpha and motor neurons

A

tension maintained in muscle

42
Q

what type of reflex is a withdrawal reflex

A

complex reflex

43
Q

define recipricoal innervation

A

antagonistic muscle contracts and another muscle would relax

44
Q

what is the role of the complex reflex system

A

respond to stretch of muscle fibres

45
Q

what is the number of muscle fibres dependent on

A

level of control and stretch of muscle

46
Q

what is the advantage of slow muscles fibres

A

they won’t fatigue

47
Q

state 3characteristics of fast muscle fibres

A
  1. can fatigue
  2. quick
  3. fewer blood vessels
48
Q

what is meant by the size principle in the motor system

A

muscle recruited in size order

49
Q

why are muscles recruited in size order?

A

smallest first

fine control of muscles at lower levels

50
Q

where does the motor cortex project to

A

lower motor neurons

51
Q

which 2 brain components feed back to the cortex

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

52
Q

what is the role of the homunculus

A

contains representations of the complex and overlapping motor commands

53
Q

state the hierachial processes of the motor system

A
  1. association cortex
  2. primary motor cortex
  3. brain stem motor nuclei
  4. spinal motor cortex
54
Q

why is the ancient brain stem motor control sophisticate

A

evolutionary changes promote survival

55
Q

state the 2 types of ventromedial tracts

A
  1. ventromedial corticospinal tract

2. ventromedial corticobrain-stem spinal tract

56
Q

what does the ventromedial corticospinal tract project to

A

trunk and limb muscles

57
Q

state 2 characteristics of the ventromedial cortico brain stem spinal tract

A
  1. one way organisation

2. bilateral projections

58
Q

what 5 components make up the basal ganglia

A
  1. globus palllidus
  2. putamen
  3. caudate nucleus
  4. thalamus
  5. substantia nigra
59
Q

what is the role of the thalamus in the basal ganglia

A

output information would be relayed back to cortex

60
Q

which basal ganglia component feeds info to the globus pallidus and substantia nigra

A

subthalamic nucleus

61
Q

which 2 basal ganglia components make up the striatum

A

putamen and caudate

62
Q

what is the flow of information in the basal ganglia

A

cerebral cortex - striatum - globus pallidus and substantia nigra - thalamus

63
Q

what happens if the basal ganglia is removed

A

unable to select motor commands

64
Q

what is the selecting problem in the basal ganglia

A

mutiple commands processed in parallel

all processed through same motor pathway

65
Q

what is the basal ganglia defined as

A

central action selector

66
Q

describe the motor actions of the basal ganglia at rest

A
  1. no activity in striatum at rest
  2. tonically active in globus pallidus
  3. thalamus in inhibited
  4. low levels of excitation in motor cortex
67
Q

what happens when the basal ganglia is excited

A

striatum is excited

thalamus is disinhibted meaning higher excitation in output to lower motor neurons

68
Q

what causes the excitement in the striatum

A

dopamine input from substantia nigra cause transcient inhibition

69
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum

A

regulate activity of upper motor neurons

70
Q

what is cerebral angesis

A

a brain which does not have a cerebellum

71
Q

what is dysarthia

A

disruption of control of speech

72
Q

how does the cerebellum regulate motor activity

A

aware of motor commands and project to motor cortex

73
Q

state some symptoms of a damaged cerebellum

A
  1. poor coordination
  2. loss of voluntary movement
  3. jerky movements
74
Q

what are the 3 regions which regulate input and output of the cerebellum

A
  1. corticol
  2. spinal
  3. vestibular
75
Q

what is the vestibular region of the cerebellum responsibe for

A

head movements

76
Q

what is the spinal input and output of the cerebellum

A

stimuli on limbs and movement

eg. muscle spindles

77
Q

name the 2 types of dorsolateral tracts

A
  1. dorsolateral corticospinal tract

2. dorsolateral corticorubospinal tract

78
Q

what is the flow of info through in the dorsolateral corticospinal tract to

A

tract via medullary pyrmaid to contralateral limb muscles

79
Q

state characteristics of the dorsolateral corticorubospinal tract

A

via red nucleus

tract to cranial nerves of facial muscles

80
Q

what type of projections are both the dorsolateral tracts

A

contralateral

81
Q

which tract is an indirect route

A

ventromedial cortico brain stem spinal tract

PSY219 NEURO (14 decks)

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