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EQM351 > Strangles > Flashcards

Strangles Flashcards

1
Q

Strangles is caused by

A

Streptococcusequi

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2
Q

virulent isolates are/are not encapsulated

A

are encapsulated

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3
Q

The capsule

A

impedes neutrophils to bind/ingest/kill

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4
Q

Transmission

A

purulent discharge

direct and indirect contact

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5
Q

Are there carriers?

A

Yes. Some horses continue to shed the bacteria weeks after clinical signs have disappeared

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6
Q

Bacteria enter through the __________________ and affect the___________

A

mouth/nose

tonsils

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7
Q

The __________________ is infected in 10% of horses

A

guttural pouch

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8
Q

This develops in the guttural pouch of some horses

A

empyema

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9
Q

The empyema allows the horse to transmit disease for

A

years

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10
Q

Bacteria reach the _________________ and ________________ lymph nodes within _________

A

mandibular and suprapharyngeal

hours

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11
Q

Clinical signs: Fever ______ days after exposure

A

3 - 14

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12
Q

Clinical signs: ____________ nasal discharge

A

mucopurulent

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13
Q

Clinical signs: swelling and __________ formation

A

abscess

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14
Q

Clinical signs: behavioral

A

anorexia, depression

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15
Q

Clinical signs: discharge from the

A

eyes (ocular)

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16
Q

Older horses develop a milder/stronger disease

A

milder

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17
Q

Nasal shedding of bacteria (timeframe, start/stop)

A

after latent period of 4-14 days and stops 3-7 weeks post acute infection unless guttural pouches infected.

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18
Q

Irritations (3)

A

pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis

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19
Q

In infection of the guttural pouch, pus collects

A

on the ventral floor

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20
Q

the thickened, congealed pus that results from empyema

A

chondroids

21
Q

Diagnosis of strangles

A

Culture of nasal swabs/ washes/ aspirated pus
Blood tests - serology
Compare titers between sequential samples
PCR (most sensitive)

22
Q

Serum titers peak at ___ (days/weeks/months) after exposure and remain high for at least ___

A

5 weeks

6 months

23
Q

The greatest challenge with strangles is the

A

asymptomatic carriers

24
Q

_____ % of horses on farms with recurring strangles are carriers

A

4-50%

25
Q

All horses that had signs of infection should be tested __ times and be negative on all before being reintroduced to healthy horses

A

3

26
Q

Treatment (feed)

A

soft, moist, palatable

27
Q

Antibiotics are only useful before

A

abscess formation

28
Q

most horses do/do not require antibiotics

A

do not

29
Q

Challenge of horses treated with antibiotics

A

do not develop immunity and are highly likely to be reinfected if they are exposed again

30
Q

Abscess treatment

A

hot packs/ichthamol to enhance maturation/drainage
lance once matured
daily flushing of open abscess with 3-5% povidone
NSAIDS
maybe antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporins, macrolides) after abscess is suppurated

31
Q

If antibiotics are used, treatment usually takes

A

weeks

32
Q

antibiotic of choice

A

penicillin

33
Q

Bastard Strangles

A

Metastasis (spread) may occur to other locations - carried by bloodstream or lymphatic vessels, causing abscesses in other parts of the body: lung, liver, spleen, kidqneys, brain

34
Q

Bastard strangles can happen in up to ___% of infected horses

A

30%

35
Q

Other complications

A

septic arthritis
pneumonia
purpura hemorrhagica

36
Q

Purpura Hemorrhagica caused by

A

immune complexes attacking good vessel walls

37
Q

Treatment of Purpura Hemorrhagica

A

Dexamethasone + antibiotics

38
Q

Immunity to strangles persists

A

5+ years

39
Q

Vaccine types

A

IM, intra-nasal

40
Q

Horses that have had strangles in the previous year should/should not be vaccinated

A

should not

41
Q

What makes quarantine of strangles horses difficult?

A

sub-clinical carriers

movement of horses

42
Q

Always handle _____ horses first

A

“clean”

43
Q

Pastures used to house infected horses should be rested for ___ days/weeks/months

A

4 weeks

44
Q

The __________ vaccine provides the best local immunity

A

intranasal

45
Q

Improper vaccination can result in

A

poor protection or complications at injection site

46
Q

Do not vaccine during

A

an outbreak or after clinical infection

47
Q

_______________ testing can help determine better timing for vaccination

A

blood antibody

48
Q

Penicillin challenges

A

IM is very painful
Oral is less effective
IV must be given at hospital

EQM351 (26 decks)

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