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EQM351 > Anti-Inflammatory Agents > Flashcards

Anti-Inflammatory Agents Flashcards

1
Q

3 phases of inflammation

A

acute inflammation
immune response
chronic inflammation

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2
Q

Mediators released in acute inflammation

A 
histamine
serotonin
bradykinin
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
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3
Q

Chronic inflammation causes

A

pain
destruction of tissue
disability

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4
Q

Acute inflammation precedes

A

immune response

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5
Q

2 pathways of mediator synthesis

A

cyclooxygenase

lipoxygenase

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6
Q

Prostaglandins are

A

proinflammatory mediators

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7
Q

Cyclooxygenase mediators

A

COX 1 & COX 2:
prostaglandins
prostacyclins
Thromboxane A2

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8
Q

Lipoxygenase pathway mediators

A

Leukotrienes

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9
Q

E cosanoids (4) that cause vasoconstriction, bronchospasm and increased permeability

A

Leukotriene A4
Leukotriene C4
Leukotriene D4
Leukotriene E4

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10
Q

steroids inhibit

A

phospholipases

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11
Q

12-Lypoxygenase —>

A

Lypoxin A4

Lypoxin B4

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12
Q

Lypoxin effects

A

Vasodilation
inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis
stimulate monocyte adhesion

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13
Q

Prostaglandin PGI2 effect

A

vasodilation

inhibits platelet aggregation

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14
Q

Thromboxane A2 effect

A

vasoconstriction

promotes platelet aggregation

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15
Q

COX 1 & COX 2 inhibitors inhibit

A

cyclooxygenase

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16
Q

Prostaglandin G2 —>

A

Prostaglandin PGI2
Thromboxane A2
PGE2

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17
Q

PGE2 effects

A

vasodilation

potential edema

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18
Q

NSAIDs block what pathway?

A

Prostaglandin G2

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19
Q

Steroids block

A

the entire inflammation cascade

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20
Q

Steroids are superior/in-superior?

A

superior

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21
Q

Steroids’ side effects are

A

more systemic

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22
Q

Effect of E cosanoids on vascular muscle

A

vasodilation or vasoconstriction

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23
Q

Effect of E cosanoids on GI muscle

A

contraction, colic

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24
Q

Effect of E cosanoids on uterus

A

contraction

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25
Q

Effect of E cosanoids on pulmonary muscle

A

constriction

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26
Q

activity of NSAIDs is mediated by inhibition of

A

prostaglandins

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27
Q

(NSAIDs) inflammation is reduced by

A

decreasing the release of mediators from granulocytes, basophils and mast cells

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28
Q

NSAID effects

A

analgesic
anti-inflammatory
antipyretic
inhibit platelet aggregation

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29
Q

NSAIDS irritate

A

the GI tract

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30
Q

NSAIDs can cause kidney problems by

A

hypoprofusion

31
Q

NSAIDs used in horses (7)

A
  1. Flunixin meglumine (banamine)
  2. phenylbutazone
  3. Ketoprofen
  4. Naproxen
  5. Firocoxib
  6. Aspirin
  7. Dypirone
32
Q

prostaglandins cause…

A

pain, fever

33
Q

risks of high fever

A

denature protein

irreversible brain damage

34
Q

endotoxemia

A

when bacteria toxins reach the bloodstream - can be life-threatening

35
Q

preferred NSAID for endotoxemia

A

banamine

36
Q

by blocking thromboxane production, NSAIDs help

A

maintain blood flow in situations where excessive blood clotting causes problems

37
Q

Bute - pain relief and fever reduction usually starts in

A

1-2 hours

38
Q

Bute administration

A

IV or orally

39
Q

Bute uses

A

pain relief, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory

40
Q

Banamine uses

A

colic pain
endotoxic or septic shock
anti-inflammatory in eye conditions
fever control due to viral or bacterial infection

41
Q

Banamine administration

A

IV

PO

42
Q

Can banamine cause ulcers?

A

Yes

43
Q

Cortisol is produced by the

A

adrenal cortex

44
Q

cortisol is synthesized from

A

cholesterol

45
Q

Actions of cortisol

A 
proper glucose metabolism
regulation of blood pressure
insulin release for blood sugar maintenance
immune function
inflammatory response
46
Q

Cortisol levels are higher

A

in the morning

47
Q

Cortisol is the ______ hormone

A

stress

48
Q

Physical response to cortisol

A 
burst of energy
heightened memory function
increased immunity
lower sensitivity to pain
maintenance of homeostasis
49
Q

Chronic stress (prolonged cortisol levels) have negative effects such as

A 
impaired cognitive performance
suppressed thyroid function
blood sugar imbalances
decreased bone density
decreased muscle tissue
higher blood pressure
lowered immune & inflammatory response
50
Q

metabolic effects of glucocorticoids

A

carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism
increase serum glucose
stimulate insulin release and lipogenesis

51
Q

catabolic effects of glucocorticoids

A

supraphyiologic amounts of steroids lead to decreased muscle mass and weakness
osteoporosis (Cushing’s)

52
Q

Anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids

A

effects concentration, distribution and function of peripheral leukocytes. reduces prostaglandin, leukotriene, etc.

53
Q

Immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids

A

inhibit macrophages and antigen-presenting cells

54
Q

antibody production is reduced by ____ doses of steroids

A

large

55
Q

Chronic administration of glucocorticoids suppresses

A

pituitary release of ACTH, HG, TSH and LH

56
Q

Glucocorticoid side effects

A

increased body fat: visceral, facial, nuchal and superclavicular
antagonizes effects of vitamin D on calcium absorption

57
Q

Synthetic corticosteroids are used in the treatment of

A

inflammatory, allergic and other disorders

58
Q

Short and medium acting synthetic corticosteroids

A 
cortisone, 
hydrocortisone, 
prednisone, 
prednisolone, 
medpredisone
59
Q

Long acting synthetic corticosteroids

A

dexamethasone

betamethasone

60
Q

Cushing’s can be due to

A

excessive secretion of ACTH by pituitary

61
Q

what causes excessive secretion of ACTH by the pituitary?

A

Negative feedback (when cortisol levels in blood are adequate) with the adrenal gland (producing cortisol) is impaired by a tumor on the pituitary

62
Q

Cushing’s symptoms

A 
frail, dry skin
fat deposition
obesity
excessive hair
poor wound healing
osteoporosis
laminitis
insulin resistance
63
Q

How to diagnose Cushing’s

A

dexamethasone suppression test

horse given high levels - should decrease in normal horse, stays same in Cushing’s horse

64
Q

How to withdraw a horse from corticosteroids

A

tapering dosage and increasing time between doses

65
Q

Corticosteroids suppress

A

immune response

66
Q

corticosteroids can/cannot be used on a Cushing’s horse

A

cannot

67
Q

Horses use prednisone/prednisolone

A

prednisolone

68
Q

Side effects of prolonged corticosteroid use

A

polyuria
polydipsia
muscle wasting

69
Q

Side effect usually occur with

A

long-term administration of the drug, especially at high doses

70
Q

Corticosteroid preferred administration

A

alternate day therapy with short acting preparations

71
Q

Dexamethasone is used in high doses for

A

anaphylactic shock

spinal chord trauma

72
Q

Dexamethasone is used in low doses for

A

allergic reations

inflammation

73
Q

Fluticasone is used for controlling

A

heaves

74
Q

Fluticasone is given as

A

an aerosol

EQM351 (26 decks)

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