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EQM351 > Anti-Inflammatory Agents > Flashcards

Anti-Inflammatory Agents Flashcards

1
Q

3 phases of inflammation

A

acute inflammation
immune response
chronic inflammation

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2
Q

Mediators released in acute inflammation

A 
histamine
serotonin
bradykinin
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
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3
Q

Chronic inflammation causes

A

pain
destruction of tissue
disability

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4
Q

Acute inflammation precedes

A

immune response

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5
Q

2 pathways of mediator synthesis

A

cyclooxygenase

lipoxygenase

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6
Q

Prostaglandins are

A

proinflammatory mediators

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7
Q

Cyclooxygenase mediators

A

COX 1 & COX 2:
prostaglandins
prostacyclins
Thromboxane A2

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8
Q

Lipoxygenase pathway mediators

A

Leukotrienes

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9
Q

E cosanoids (4) that cause vasoconstriction, bronchospasm and increased permeability

A

Leukotriene A4
Leukotriene C4
Leukotriene D4
Leukotriene E4

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10
Q

steroids inhibit

A

phospholipases

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11
Q

12-Lypoxygenase —>

A

Lypoxin A4

Lypoxin B4

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12
Q

Lypoxin effects

A

Vasodilation
inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis
stimulate monocyte adhesion

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13
Q

Prostaglandin PGI2 effect

A

vasodilation

inhibits platelet aggregation

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14
Q

Thromboxane A2 effect

A

vasoconstriction

promotes platelet aggregation

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15
Q

COX 1 & COX 2 inhibitors inhibit

A

cyclooxygenase

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16
Q

Prostaglandin G2 —>

A

Prostaglandin PGI2
Thromboxane A2
PGE2

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17
Q

PGE2 effects

A

vasodilation

potential edema

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18
Q

NSAIDs block what pathway?

A

Prostaglandin G2

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19
Q

Steroids block

A

the entire inflammation cascade

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20
Q

Steroids are superior/in-superior?

A

superior

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21
Q

Steroids’ side effects are

A

more systemic

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22
Q

Effect of E cosanoids on vascular muscle

A

vasodilation or vasoconstriction

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23
Q

Effect of E cosanoids on GI muscle

A

contraction, colic

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24
Q

Effect of E cosanoids on uterus

A

contraction

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25
Effect of E cosanoids on pulmonary muscle
constriction
26
activity of NSAIDs is mediated by inhibition of
prostaglandins
27
(NSAIDs) inflammation is reduced by
decreasing the release of mediators from granulocytes, basophils and mast cells
28
NSAID effects
analgesic anti-inflammatory antipyretic inhibit platelet aggregation
29
NSAIDS irritate
the GI tract
30
NSAIDs can cause kidney problems by
hypoprofusion
31
NSAIDs used in horses (7)
1. Flunixin meglumine (banamine) 2. phenylbutazone 3. Ketoprofen 4. Naproxen 5. Firocoxib 6. Aspirin 7. Dypirone
32
prostaglandins cause...
pain, fever
33
risks of high fever
denature protein | irreversible brain damage
34
endotoxemia
when bacteria toxins reach the bloodstream - can be life-threatening
35
preferred NSAID for endotoxemia
banamine
36
by blocking thromboxane production, NSAIDs help
maintain blood flow in situations where excessive blood clotting causes problems
37
Bute - pain relief and fever reduction usually starts in
1-2 hours
38
Bute administration
IV or orally
39
Bute uses
pain relief, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory
40
Banamine uses
colic pain endotoxic or septic shock anti-inflammatory in eye conditions fever control due to viral or bacterial infection
41
Banamine administration
IV | PO
42
Can banamine cause ulcers?
Yes
43
Cortisol is produced by the
adrenal cortex
44
cortisol is synthesized from
cholesterol
45
Actions of cortisol
``` proper glucose metabolism regulation of blood pressure insulin release for blood sugar maintenance immune function inflammatory response ```
46
Cortisol levels are higher
in the morning
47
Cortisol is the ______ hormone
stress
48
Physical response to cortisol
``` burst of energy heightened memory function increased immunity lower sensitivity to pain maintenance of homeostasis ```
49
Chronic stress (prolonged cortisol levels) have negative effects such as
``` impaired cognitive performance suppressed thyroid function blood sugar imbalances decreased bone density decreased muscle tissue higher blood pressure lowered immune & inflammatory response ```
50
metabolic effects of glucocorticoids
carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism increase serum glucose stimulate insulin release and lipogenesis
51
catabolic effects of glucocorticoids
supraphyiologic amounts of steroids lead to decreased muscle mass and weakness osteoporosis (Cushing's)
52
Anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids
effects concentration, distribution and function of peripheral leukocytes. reduces prostaglandin, leukotriene, etc.
53
Immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids
inhibit macrophages and antigen-presenting cells
54
antibody production is reduced by ____ doses of steroids
large
55
Chronic administration of glucocorticoids suppresses
pituitary release of ACTH, HG, TSH and LH
56
Glucocorticoid side effects
increased body fat: visceral, facial, nuchal and superclavicular antagonizes effects of vitamin D on calcium absorption
57
Synthetic corticosteroids are used in the treatment of
inflammatory, allergic and other disorders
58
Short and medium acting synthetic corticosteroids
``` cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone, medpredisone ```
59
Long acting synthetic corticosteroids
dexamethasone | betamethasone
60
Cushing's can be due to
excessive secretion of ACTH by pituitary
61
what causes excessive secretion of ACTH by the pituitary?
Negative feedback (when cortisol levels in blood are adequate) with the adrenal gland (producing cortisol) is impaired by a tumor on the pituitary
62
Cushing's symptoms
``` frail, dry skin fat deposition obesity excessive hair poor wound healing osteoporosis laminitis insulin resistance ```
63
How to diagnose Cushing's
dexamethasone suppression test | horse given high levels - should decrease in normal horse, stays same in Cushing's horse
64
How to withdraw a horse from corticosteroids
tapering dosage and increasing time between doses
65
Corticosteroids suppress
immune response
66
corticosteroids can/cannot be used on a Cushing's horse
cannot
67
Horses use prednisone/prednisolone
prednisolone
68
Side effects of prolonged corticosteroid use
polyuria polydipsia muscle wasting
69
Side effect usually occur with
long-term administration of the drug, especially at high doses
70
Corticosteroid preferred administration
alternate day therapy with short acting preparations
71
Dexamethasone is used in high doses for
anaphylactic shock | spinal chord trauma
72
Dexamethasone is used in low doses for
allergic reations | inflammation
73
Fluticasone is used for controlling
heaves
74
Fluticasone is given as
an aerosol

EQM351 (26 decks)

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